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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Child; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Pediatrics; Prognosis; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 33613458
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.645278 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2021Autoimmune diseases are accompanied by changes in protein glycosylation, in both the immune system and target tissues. The best-studied alteration in autoimmunity is...
Autoimmune diseases are accompanied by changes in protein glycosylation, in both the immune system and target tissues. The best-studied alteration in autoimmunity is agalactosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG), characterized primarily in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and then detected also in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The rebuilding of IgG N-glycans in RA correlates with the relapses and remissions of the disease, is associated with physiological states such as pregnancy but also depends on applied anti-inflammatory therapy. In turn, a decreased core fucosylation of the whole pool of IgG N-glycans is a serum glycomarker in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) encompassing Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Grave's disease (GD). However, fucosylation of anti-thyroglobulin IgG (an immunological marker of HT) was elevated in HT serum. Core fucosylation of IgG oligosaccharides was also lowered in MS and SLE. In AITD and IBD, chronic inflammation T lymphocytes showed the reduced expression of MGAT5 gene encoding β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) responsible for β1,6-branching of N-glycans, which is important for T cell receptor activation. Structural changes of glycans have a profound effect on the pro-inflammatory activity of immune cells and serum immune proteins, including IgG in autoimmunity.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Glycosylation; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
PubMed: 34495537
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_10 -
Thyroid : Official Journal of the... Feb 2024It has often been reported that thyroid-specific autoimmune diseases (ADs), such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, could increase the risk of thyroid...
It has often been reported that thyroid-specific autoimmune diseases (ADs), such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, could increase the risk of thyroid cancer, but the association between other ADs beyond thyroid and thyroid cancer has not been well investigated. This study aimed to examine the risk of thyroid cancer in patients with eight ADs compared with those without ADs. This nationwide retrospective matched cohort study was conducted to investigate the relationship of eight ADs (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Sjogren's disease, inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], vitiligo, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) with the risk of incident thyroid cancer using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. The Cox-proportional hazard model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) for thyroid cancer in relation to each of AD compared with control group without AD. During the average follow-up of 9.49 years, 138 thyroid cancer cases were newly developed in control group and 268 cases were occurred in group with 8 ADs. For all of study participants, the risk of thyroid cancer was significantly increased in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HR = 2.10 [1.57-2.81]), Graves' disease (HR = 2.67 [1.99-3.62]), IBD (HR = 2.06 [1.50-2.83]), vitiligo (HR = 1.71 [1.13-2.59]), RA (HR = 1.76 [1.07-2.90]), and total of 8 ADs (HR = 1.97 [1.60-2.42]) compared with control group without ADs. When ADs were divided into three types, thyroid-specific ADs (HR = 2.37 [1.85-3.03]) showed the strongest and significant association with thyroid cancer, followed by local ADs (HR = 1.83 [1.41-2.38]), and systemic ADs (HR = 1.77 [1.14-2.74]). Specific ADs-especially for thyroid-specific AD, vitiligo, IBD, and RA-were associated with increased risk for thyroid cancer.
Topics: Humans; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Cohort Studies; Retrospective Studies; Vitiligo; Autoimmune Diseases; Hashimoto Disease; Graves Disease; Thyroid Neoplasms; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
PubMed: 38149584
DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0353 -
BioMed Research International 2022Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), representative autoimmune diseases, mainly consist of Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). In this passage, we...
BACKGROUND
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), representative autoimmune diseases, mainly consist of Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). In this passage, we investigated the association between vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) gene polymorphisms and AITDs.
METHODS
A total of 1084 patients with AITDs and 794 healthy controls were tested for VEGFC gene genotypes in four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by high-throughput sequencing, and the correlation between VEGFC gene polymorphisms and AITDs was statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
The genotype distribution of rs3775194 was statistically associated with AITDs compared with the control group. Rs3775194 was associated with AITDs under the overdominant model, both before and after adjusting for confounding factors, while the other three SNPs were not associated with GD and HT. There was a prominent discrepancy between male healthy controls and male AITD patients under overdominant model in rs3775194 and the recessive model in rs11947611. The genotype distribution of rs3775194 was statistically related to male HT.
CONCLUSION
These results reveal the correlation between VEGFC mutation and AITD susceptibility.
Topics: Alleles; Case-Control Studies; Gene Frequency; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Male; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C
PubMed: 35865663
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2603519 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Mar 2023The recurrence risk ratio (λ) expresses the risk ratio of index patients' first-degree relatives developing a disease as compared to the general population and is a... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
The recurrence risk ratio (λ) expresses the risk ratio of index patients' first-degree relatives developing a disease as compared to the general population and is a quantitative measure of the genetic contribution to the disease. This paper offers the results of a specialized center as well as a review of the pertinent literature.
METHODS
Data from 3315 consecutive subjects followed at an ORPHAN academic tertiary referral expert center for endocrine autoimmunity as well as 419 unrelated German families were collected. λ was assessed based on 806 well-documented subjects, 299 index patients with autoimmune glandular (AIGD) and non-endocrine diseases and 507 of their first-degree relatives (328 children, 179 siblings).
RESULTS
As many as 36% of relatives of patients with autoimmune diseases (AID) were affected by various autoimmune conditions. Twenty-five percent and 23% of all relatives had an AIGD or an autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), respectively. Furthermore, 29% and 25% of relatives of index cases with polyglandular (PGA) and monoglandular (MGA) autoimmunity were affected. The recurrence risk for AITD was increased 16-fold in both children and siblings compared to the general population (λ, 95% CI 16, 11-21 and 16, 12-19, respectively). Furthermore, λ for AITD/AIGD was 21.62 (95% CI 14.17-30.69)/17.57 (11.80-24.36) and 13.48 (8.42-20.52)/10.68 (6.76-16.02) for siblings of patients with PGA and MGA, respectively. Overall, a strong genetic component for AITD and AIGD with a significant genetic impact on the development of PGA was demonstrated.
CONCLUSION
These novel results strongly recommend the screening for AITD and AIGD in children and siblings of index patients with AITD.
Topics: Child; Humans; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Hashimoto Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Thyroid Diseases; Genetic Predisposition to Disease
PubMed: 35365417
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101636 -
Pathology, Research and Practice Sep 2020Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm that affects the endocrine system. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic... (Review)
Review
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm that affects the endocrine system. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is the most common autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) that, together with Graves' disease (GD), represent the main autoimmune diseases that affect the thyroid gland. Some studies suggest a greater risk of AITD and the development of TC, while others, investigate its relationship with TC progression and patient prognosis. In this review, we have analyzed published data on the molecular aspects related to the association between AITD and TC, addressing their influence on TC progression, diagnosis, and prognosis of the patients. MEDLINE database (PubMed) platform was used as a search engine and the original articles related to the topic were selected using the keywords combination "thyroid cancer and Hashimoto thyroiditis" or "thyroid carcinoma and thyroid autoimmune disease". After the selection, we categorized the main findings of the papers into four topics: antitumor immunity, tumor progression, diagnosis, and prognosis. Although most of the studies have pointed out the presence of AITD as a factor that increases the risk of TC, few molecular mechanisms to support this conclusion have been described. Additionally, little information is available to explain, pathophysiologically, the effects of autoimmunity in TC diagnosis, progression, and prognosis.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 32825964
DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153098 -
International Immunopharmacology Jul 2021Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B cells that can downregulate the immune and inflammatory responses. The development of B cells in humans and mice is differs.... (Review)
Review
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B cells that can downregulate the immune and inflammatory responses. The development of B cells in humans and mice is differs. The Positioning and targeted regulation of Bregs has a positive effect on autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a common autoimmune disease. This review introduces the history and origins of Bregs. It summarizes the different phenotypes and functionalities of Breg cells related to AITD and analyzes the reasons for the differences in Breg expression frequencies in Graves disease (GD) and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT). A number of functional defects of regulatory B cells may be the newly discovered cause of AITD. This paper sheds new light on the role and prospects of Bregs in the progression and treatment of AITD.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans
PubMed: 34020391
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107770 -
Clinical Endocrinology Mar 2024This study aimed to evaluate whether there is a causal relationship between autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) and telomere length (TL) in the European population and...
This study aimed to evaluate whether there is a causal relationship between autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) and telomere length (TL) in the European population and whether there is reverse causality. In this study, Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization analysis were conducted to assess the potential causal relationship between AITDs and TL using summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies, followed by analysis of the relationship between TL and thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine (FT4) to help interpret the findings. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used to estimate the causal estimates. The weighted median, MR-Egger and leave-one-out methods were used as sensitivity analyses. The IVW method results showed a significant causal relationship between autoimmune hyperthyroidism and TL (β = -1.93 × 10 ; p = 4.54 × 10 ). There was no causal relationship between autoimmune hypothyroidism and TL (β = -3.99 × 10 ; p = 0.324). The results of the reverse MR analysis showed that genetically TL had a significant causal relationship on autoimmune hyperthyroidism (IVW: odds ratio (OR) = 0.49; p = 2.83 × 10 ) and autoimmune hypothyroidism (IVW: OR = 0.86; p = 7.46 × 10 ). Both horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity tests indicated the validity of our bidirectional MR study. Finally, colocalization analysis suggested that there were shared causal variants between autoimmune hyperthyroidism and TL, further highlighting the robustness of the results. In conclusion, autoimmune hyperthyroidism may accelerate telomere attrition, and telomere attrition is a causal factor for AITDs.
Topics: Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Graves Disease; Telomere; Hypothyroidism; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Hashimoto Disease
PubMed: 38214116
DOI: 10.1111/cen.15004 -
Orvosi Hetilap Jul 2022Immunoglobulin G4-related disease has become the focus of interest in recent years. The disease is characterized by inflammation of the organs involved, often with a...
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease has become the focus of interest in recent years. The disease is characterized by inflammation of the organs involved, often with a macroscopic appearance suggestive of a tumor, elevated immuno-globulin G4 levels, immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cell infiltration on histological examination, fibrosis, oblit-erative phlebitis, and typically a rapid therapeutic response to corticosteroids. The disease can show a variety of organ manifestations, with frequent involvement of exocrine glands. Among the endocrine organs, symptoms may appear in the thyroid gland and the pituitary gland. The criteria for immunoglobulin G4-related hypophysitis were formu-lated in 2011. Until a few years ago, a condition formerly known as Riedel's thyroiditis was identified as immuno-globulin G4-related thyroiditis. Based on the criteria system for immunoglobulin G4-related thyroid diseases pub-lished in 2021, some patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease can also be classified as immunoglobulin G4-related thyroid disease. The identification of immunoglobulin G4-related endocrine diseases and the establishment of an accurate diagnosis can modify the treatment of the patient and determine the course of the disease. Other organ manifestations should be sought in patients with immunoglobulin G4-related endocrine disease and lifelong immunological follow-up is warranted.
Topics: Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Thyroiditis
PubMed: 35895441
DOI: 10.1556/650.2022.32527 -
Nutrients Jul 2023The available evidence on selenium supplementation in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was inconclusive. This research serves to assess the effects of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The available evidence on selenium supplementation in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was inconclusive. This research serves to assess the effects of selenium supplementation in the treatment of AIT.
METHODS
Online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 10 June 2022. The AMSTAR-2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. The information on the randomized controlled trials of the included studies was extracted and synthesized. The GRADE system was used to assess the certainty of evidence.
RESULTS
A total of 6 systematic reviews with 75 RCTs were included. Only one study was rated as high quality. The meta-analysis showed that in the levothyroxine (LT4)-treated population, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 months (SMD = -0.53, 95% CI: [-0.89, -0.17], < 0.05, very low certainty) and 6 months (SMD = -1.95, 95% CI: [-3.17, -0.74], < 0.05, very low certainty) and that thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab) levels were not decreased. In the non-LT4-treated population, TPO-Ab levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 and 6 months and did not decrease at 12 months. Tg-Ab levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 and 6 months and did not decrease at 12 months. The adverse effects reported in the selenium group were not significantly different from those in the control group, and the certainty of evidence was low.
CONCLUSION
Although selenium supplementation might reduce TPO-Ab levels at 3 and 6 months and Tg-Ab levels at 3 and 6 months in the non-LT4-treated population, this was based on a low certainty of evidence.
Topics: Humans; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Selenium; Iodide Peroxidase; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Hashimoto Disease; Thyroxine; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37513612
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143194