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Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology :... Jul 2021
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 34009849
DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000756 -
Muscle & Nerve Jan 2021Diabetic neuropathies are the most common type of neuropathies seen in clinical practice. These neuropathies can range clinically from asymptomatic to manifesting... (Review)
Review
Diabetic neuropathies are the most common type of neuropathies seen in clinical practice. These neuropathies can range clinically from asymptomatic to manifesting symptoms caused by motor, sensory, and autonomic nerve dysfunction. These neuropathies can affect the peripheral nervous system, pain receptors, cardiovascular, urogenital, and gastrointestinal systems. This monograph presents an overview of the different types of diabetic neuropathies, their presentations, diagnostic tools, and strategies for management.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Neuropathies; Humans
PubMed: 32589300
DOI: 10.1002/mus.27014 -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... Jul 2022Stress can be classified as either psychosocial or physiologic. Physiologic stress refers to stresses due to acute illness, trauma, pain, hypoglycemia, and sleep... (Review)
Review
Stress can be classified as either psychosocial or physiologic. Physiologic stress refers to stresses due to acute illness, trauma, pain, hypoglycemia, and sleep deprivation-much less is known regarding its health consequences. This review focuses on hypoglycemia as a model to further investigate physiological stress. Experimental mild to moderate hypoglycemia is a paradigmatic physiological stress that evokes autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses. Hypoglycemic stress is an ideal model to examine the interactions and consequences of physiological stress on the autonomic nervous system. Acute hypoglycemia has been demonstrated to increase inflammatory markers, prolong QTc, and impair cardiac-vagal baroreflex sensitivity. Some of these consequences may not reverse completely when euglycemia is restored. For example, there is attenuation of the cardiac-vagal baroreflex, attenuation of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex (muscle sympathetic nerve activity response to transient hypotension), and attenuation of the catecholamine response to lower body negative pressure that is present the next day after hypoglycemia has resolved.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 35417827
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.102983 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2023The vertebrate nervous system is divided into central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) components. In turn, the PNS is divided into the autonomic (ANS) and enteric (ENS)...
The vertebrate nervous system is divided into central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) components. In turn, the PNS is divided into the autonomic (ANS) and enteric (ENS) nervous systems. Ageing implicates time-related changes to anatomy and physiology in reducing organismal fitness. In the case of the CNS, there exists substantial experimental evidence of the effects of age on individual neuronal and glial function. Although many such changes have yet to be experimentally observed in the PNS, there is considerable evidence of the role of ageing in the decline of ANS function over time. As such, this chapter will argue that the ANS constitutes a paradigm for the physiological consequences of ageing, as well as for their clinical implications.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Neurons
PubMed: 37120470
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_10 -
Journal of Diabetes Investigation Dec 2021Relationships among autonomic nervous system, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Relationships among autonomic nervous system, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 34622579
DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13691 -
Comprehensive Physiology Jun 2022Acute stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response occurs in the perilesion areas and the... (Review)
Review
Acute stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response occurs in the perilesion areas and the periphery. Although stroke-induced immunosuppression may alleviate brain injury, it hinders brain repair as the immune-inflammatory response plays a bidirectional role after acute stroke. Furthermore, suppression of the systemic immune-inflammatory response increases the risk of life-threatening systemic bacterial infections after acute stroke. Therefore, it is essential to explore the mechanisms that underlie the stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation is critical for regulating the local and systemic immune-inflammatory responses and may influence the prognosis of acute stroke. We review the changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their influence on the immune-inflammatory response after stroke. Importantly, this article summarizes the mechanisms on how ANS regulates the immune-inflammatory response through neurotransmitters and their receptors in immunocytes and immune organs after stroke. To facilitate translational research, we also discuss the promising therapeutic approaches modulating the activation of the ANS or the immune-inflammatory response to promote neurologic recovery after stroke. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3665-3704, 2022.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Brain; Humans; Immune System; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Stroke
PubMed: 35766834
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210047 -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... Dec 2021This review updates three key concepts of autonomic neuroscience-stress, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and homeostasis. Hans Selye popularized stress as a... (Review)
Review
This review updates three key concepts of autonomic neuroscience-stress, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and homeostasis. Hans Selye popularized stress as a scientific idea. He defined stress variously as a stereotyped response pattern, a state that evokes this pattern, or a stimulus that evokes the state. According to the "homeostat" theory stress is a condition where a comparator senses a discrepancy between sensed afferent input and a response algorithm, the integrated error signal eliciting specific patterns of altered effector outflows. Scientific advances since Langley's definition of the ANS have incited the proposal here of the "extended autonomic system," or EAS, for three reasons. (1) Several neuroendocrine systems are bound inextricably to Langley's ANS. The first to be described, by Cannon in the early 1900s, involves the hormone adrenaline, the main effector chemical of the sympathetic adrenergic system. Other neuroendocrine systems are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system, the arginine vasopressin system, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (2) An evolving body of research links the ANS complexly with inflammatory/immune systems, including vagal anti-inflammatory and catecholamine-related inflammasomal components. (3) A hierarchical network of brain centers (the central autonomic network, CAN) regulates ANS outflows. Embedded within the CAN is the central stress system conceptualized by Chrousos and Gold. According to the allostasis concept, homeostatic input-output curves can be altered in an anticipatory, feed-forward manner; and prolonged or inappropriate allostatic adjustments increase wear-and-tear (allostatic load), resulting in chronic, stress-related, multi-system disorders. This review concludes with sections on clinical and therapeutic implications of the updated concepts offered here.
Topics: Allostasis; Autonomic Nervous System; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Stress, Physiological; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 34656967
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102889 -
International Immunology Jan 2022The heart is highly innervated by autonomic neurons, and dynamic autonomic regulation of the heart and blood vessels is essential for animals to carry out the normal... (Review)
Review
The heart is highly innervated by autonomic neurons, and dynamic autonomic regulation of the heart and blood vessels is essential for animals to carry out the normal activities of life. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and myocardial infarction, are characterized in part by an imbalance in autonomic nervous system activation, with excess sympathetic and diminished parasympathetic activation. Notably, however, this is often accompanied by chronic inflammation within the cardiovascular tissues, which suggests there are interactions between autonomic dysregulation and inflammation. Recent studies have been unraveling the mechanistic links between autonomic nerves and immune cells within the cardiovascular system. The autonomic nervous system and immune system also act in concert to coordinate the actions of multiple organs that not only maintain homeostasis but also likely play key roles in disease-disease interactions, such as cardiorenal syndrome and multimorbidity. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathological interactions between autonomic nerves and macrophages in the context of cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart; Inflammation; Macrophages
PubMed: 34173833
DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab036 -
Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Mar 2022Epileptic activity that involves the central autonomic system, including the insular lobe, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray,...
Epileptic activity that involves the central autonomic system, including the insular lobe, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial complex, nucleus tractus solitarius, and ventrolateral medulla results in seizures with various autonomic manifestations. Some autonomic manifestations suggest localization and lateralization of epileptic foci. The autonomic nervous system modulates cerebral activity under physiological and pathological conditions. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has attracted much attention for treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders and is an established palliative care strategy for patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that VNS stabilizes cerebral cortical activity and inhibits abnormal excitability via pathways including upward vagus nerve conduction, nucleus tractus solitarius, and the thalamus, which consequently produces an anti-epileptic effect.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Cerebral Cortex; Epilepsy; Humans; Medulla Oblongata; Thalamus; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 35260526
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202023 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Feb 2020
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Brain; Central Nervous System Diseases; Disease Management; Humans
PubMed: 31996618
DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000654000.27502.27