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The New England Journal of Medicine Jan 2020
Review
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Baroreflex; Humans; Neurons, Afferent; Neurons, Efferent; Primary Dysautonomias
PubMed: 31914243
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1509723 -
Peptides Apr 2022Aging is the greatest independent risk factor for developing hypertension and cardiovascular-related diseases including systolic hypertension, vascular disease, ischemic... (Review)
Review
Aging is the greatest independent risk factor for developing hypertension and cardiovascular-related diseases including systolic hypertension, vascular disease, ischemic events, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Age-related cardiovascular risk is associated with dysfunction of peripheral organ systems, such as the heart and vasculature, as well as an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system characterized by increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic neurotransmission. Given the increasing prevalence of aged individuals worldwide, it is critical to better understand mechanisms contributing to impaired cardiovascular autonomic control in this population. In this regard, the renin-angiotensin system has emerged as an important hormonal modulator of cardiovascular function in aging, in part through modulation of autonomic pathways controlling sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to cardiovascular end organs. This review will summarize the role of the RAS in cardiovascular autonomic control during aging, with a focus on current knowledge of angiotensin II versus angiotensin-(1-7) pathways in both rodent models and humans, pharmacological treatment strategies targeting the renin-angiotensin system, and unanswered questions for future research.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Autonomic Nervous System; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Hypertension; Renin-Angiotensin System; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 34973286
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170733 -
International Journal of Cardiology Jul 2019Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The autonomic nervous system has a significant... (Review)
Review
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The autonomic nervous system has a significant role in the milieu predisposing to the triggers, perpetuators and substrate for atrial fibrillation. It has direct electrophysiological effects and causes alterations in atrial structure. In a significant portion of patients with atrial fibrillation, the autonomic nervous system activity is likely a composite of reflex excitation due to atrial fibrillation itself and contribution of concomitant risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and sleep-disordered breathing. We review the role of autonomic nervous system activation, with focus on changes in reflex control during atrial fibrillation and the role of combined sympatho-vagal activation for atrial fibrillation initiation, maintenance and progression. Finally, we discuss the potential impact of combined aggressive risk factor management as a strategy to modify the autonomic nervous system in patients with atrial fibrillation and to reverse the arrhythmogenic substrate.
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Autonomic Nervous System; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; Humans; Risk Factors; Sympathectomy
PubMed: 30497894
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.11.091 -
Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 2019The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the relevance of autonomic nervous system imbalance in clinical cardiology. Increased sympathetic tone associates... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the relevance of autonomic nervous system imbalance in clinical cardiology. Increased sympathetic tone associates with the metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. With the kidneys playing a pivotal role in increased peripheral resistance, sodium and water retention and other mechanisms, renal denervation (RD) may theoretically restore autonomic imbalance and improve cardiovascular outcomes. Landmark RD trials and novel uses for RD in cardiac arrhythmia management are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Atrial Fibrillation; Autonomic Denervation; Autonomic Nervous System; Diffusion of Innovation; Evidence-Based Medicine; Forecasting; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31746943
DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2019-045 -
Cancer Immunology Research Jun 2024Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a population of heterogeneous immune cells that are involved in precancerous conditions and neoplasms. The autonomic nervous... (Review)
Review
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a population of heterogeneous immune cells that are involved in precancerous conditions and neoplasms. The autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is composed of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, is an important component of the tumor microenvironment that responds to changes in the internal and external environment mainly through adrenergic and cholinergic signaling. An abnormal increase of autonomic nerve density has been associated with cancer progression. As we discuss in this review, growing evidence indicates that sympathetic and parasympathetic signals directly affect the expansion, mobilization, and redistribution of MDSCs. Dysregulated autonomic signaling recruits MDSCs to form an immunosuppressive microenvironment in chronically inflamed tissues, resulting in abnormal proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. The two components of the ANS may also be responsible for the seemingly contradictory behaviors of MDSCs. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms has the potential to provide more insights into the complex roles of MDSCs in tumor development and lay the foundation for the development of novel MDSC-targeted anticancer strategies.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Autonomic Nervous System; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells; Animals; Tumor Microenvironment; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 38568775
DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-23-0976 -
Birth Defects Research Jul 2021Autonomic nervous system function is critical for transition from in-utero to ex-utero life and is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes later... (Review)
Review
Autonomic nervous system function is critical for transition from in-utero to ex-utero life and is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes later in life. Adverse prenatal and neonatal conditions and exposures can impair or alter ANS development and, as a result, may also impact long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The objective of this article is to provide a broad overview of the impact of factors that are known to influence autonomic development during the fetal and early neonatal period, including maternal mood and stress during and after pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, congenital heart disease, toxic exposures, and preterm birth. We touch briefly on the typical development of the ANS, then delve into both in-utero and ex-utero maternal and fetal factors that may impact developmental trajectory of the ANS and, thus, have implications in transition and in long-term developmental outcomes. While many types of exposures and conditions have been shown to impact development of the autonomic nervous system, there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms underlying these influences. In the future, more advanced neuromonitoring tools will be required to better understand autonomic development and its influence on long-term neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological function, especially during the fetal period.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Exposure; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Prenatal Care
PubMed: 33270364
DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1847 -
Folia Medica Cracoviensia Oct 2023Eating disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting mainly young people in developed countries. Among them, anorexia nervosa (AN) is the one with the... (Review)
Review
Eating disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting mainly young people in developed countries. Among them, anorexia nervosa (AN) is the one with the highest mortality, up to five times higher compared to healthy individuals. The etiology of this medical condition is complex and still un- certain. However, disturbances of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and increased lipolysis resulting in a decrease of the adipose tissue volume are common findings among AN patients. Since ANS is directly connected to adipocyte tissue, thus significantly affecting the body's metabolic homeostasis, we suspect that this relationship may be a potential pathophysiological underpinning for the development of AN. In this narrative review, we have analyzed scientific reports on ANS activity in AN considering different phases of the disease in humans as well as animal models. Due to the different effects of the disease itself on the ANS as well as specific variations within animal models, the common feature seems to be dysregulation of its function without the identification of one universal pattern. Nonetheless, higher norepinephrine concentrations have been reported in adipocyte tissue, suggesting local dominance of the sym- pathetic nervous system. Further studies should explore in depth the modulation of sympathetic in adipose tissue factor and help answer key questions that arise during this brief narrative review.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Autonomic Nervous System; Adipose Tissue; Norepinephrine; Heart Rate
PubMed: 38310530
DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2023.147215 -
Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine Jul 2021
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Friends; Humans
PubMed: 32497573
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.05.005 -
Progress in Neurobiology Mar 2022The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a critical part of the homeostatic machinery with both central and peripheral components. However, little is known about the... (Review)
Review
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a critical part of the homeostatic machinery with both central and peripheral components. However, little is known about the integration of these components and their joint role in the maintenance of health and in allostatic derailments leading to somatic and/or neuropsychiatric (co)morbidity. Based on a comprehensive literature search on the ANS neuroanatomy we dissect the complex integration of the ANS: (1) First we summarize Stress and Homeostatic Equilibrium - elucidating the responsivity of the ANS to stressors; (2) Second we describe the overall process of how the ANS is involved in Adaptation and Maladaptation to Stress; (3) In the third section the ANS is hierarchically partitioned into the peripheral/spinal, brainstem, subcortical and cortical components of the nervous system. We utilize this anatomical basis to define a model of autonomic integration. (4) Finally, we deploy the model to describe human ANS involvement in (a) Hypofunctional and (b) Hyperfunctional states providing examples in the healthy state and in clinical conditions.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Homeostasis; Humans
PubMed: 35033599
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102218 -
The Lancet. Neurology Oct 2021Patients with Parkinson's disease present with signs and symptoms of dysregulation of the peripheral autonomic nervous system that can even precede motor deficits. This... (Review)
Review
Patients with Parkinson's disease present with signs and symptoms of dysregulation of the peripheral autonomic nervous system that can even precede motor deficits. This dysregulation might reflect early pathology and therefore could be targeted for the development of prodromal or diagnostic biomarkers. Only a few objective clinical tests assess disease progression and are used to evaluate the entire spectrum of autonomic dysregulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, results from epidemiological studies and findings from new animal models suggest that the dysfunctional autonomic nervous system is a probable route by which Parkinson's disease pathology can spread both to and from the CNS. The autonomic innervation of the gut, heart, and skin is affected by α-synuclein pathology in the early stages of the disease and might initiate α-synuclein spread via the autonomic connectome to the CNS. The development of easy-to-use and reliable clinical tests of autonomic nervous system function seems crucial for early diagnosis, and for developing strategies to stop or prevent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Brain; Heart; Humans; Parkinson Disease; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 34536407
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00219-2