-
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Apr 2022
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autonomic Nervous System; Heart Rate; Humans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 35017059
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.12.009 -
Cardiovascular Diabetology Aug 2021The incidence and prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, with approximately 1.13 billion of people currently affected by the disease, often in association... (Review)
Review
The incidence and prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, with approximately 1.13 billion of people currently affected by the disease, often in association with other diseases such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. The autonomic nervous system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension, and treatments targeting the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), a key component of the autonomic nervous system, have been developed; however, current recommendations provide little guidance on their use. This review discusses the etiology of hypertension, and more specifically the role of the SNS in the pathophysiology of hypertension and its associated disorders. In addition, the effects of current antihypertensive management strategies, including pharmacotherapies, on the SNS are examined, with a focus on imidazoline receptor agonists.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypertension; Imidazoline Receptors; Obesity; Prognosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34412646
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01356-w -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... May 2022
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 35257995
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.102970 -
Cardiology in Review 2020Cardiovascular disorders, such as orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension, are common in patients with neurodegenerative synucleinopathies such as Parkinson... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disorders, such as orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension, are common in patients with neurodegenerative synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease (PD), and may also occur in other conditions, such as peripheral neuropathies, that result in autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. Dysfunction and degeneration of the ANS are implicated in the development of orthostatic and postprandial hypotension and impaired thermoregulation. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) results from sympathetic failure and is a common autonomic disorder in PD. Supine hypertension may also occur as a result of both sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction in conjunction with nOH in the majority of patients with PD. Management of supine hypertension in the setting of nOH can be counterintuitive and challenging. Additionally, the presence of other noncardiovascular comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus and peripheral edema, may further contribute to the burden of disease. ANS dysfunction thus presents major healthcare implications and challenges for neurology and cardiovascular practices, necessitating an integrated neurology and cardiology management approach.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Hypotension, Orthostatic; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 31764015
DOI: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000280 -
Clinical Autonomic Research : Official... Feb 2022Abnormalities in autonomic function have been observed in people with anorexia nervosa. However, the majority of investigations have utilised heart rate variability as...
PURPOSE
Abnormalities in autonomic function have been observed in people with anorexia nervosa. However, the majority of investigations have utilised heart rate variability as the sole assessment of autonomic activity. The current study utilised a variety of methodologies to assess autonomic nervous system function in women with a current diagnosis of anorexia, a past diagnosis of anorexia who were weight-restored, and healthy controls.
METHODS
The sample included 37 participants: 10 participants with anorexia, 17 weight-restored participants (minimum body mass index > 18.5 for minimum of 12 months) and 10 controls. Assessments of autonomic function included muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) using microneurography, heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, blood pressure variability, head-up tilt table test, sudomotor function and assessment of plasma catecholamines.
RESULTS
MSNA (bursts/min) was significantly decreased in both anorexia (10.22 ± 6.24) and weight-restored (17.58 ± 1.68) groups, as compared to controls (23.62 ± 1.01, p < 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively). Participants with anorexia had a significantly lower standard deviation in heart rate, lower blood pressure variability and decreased sudomotor function as compared to controls. Weight-restored participants demonstrated decreased baroreflex sensitivity in response to head-up tilt as compared to controls.
CONCLUSION
Women with a current or previous diagnosis of anorexia have significantly decreased sympathetic activity, which may reflect a physiological response to decreased energy intake. During the state of starvation, women with anorexia also displayed decreased sudomotor function. The consequences of a sustained decrease in MSNA are unknown, and future studies should investigate autonomic function in long-term weight-restored participants to determine whether activity returns to normal.
Topics: Anorexia; Anorexia Nervosa; Autonomic Nervous System; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 34762216
DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00836-z -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Apr 2022Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) communicate with peripheral organs largely via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Through such communications, the... (Review)
Review
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) communicate with peripheral organs largely via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Through such communications, the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent divisions of the ANS may affect thermogenesis and blood glucose levels. In contrast, peripheral organs send feedback to the CNS via hormones and autonomic afferent nerves. These humoral and neural feedbacks, as well as neural commands from higher brain centers directly or indirectly shape the metabolic function of autonomic neurons. Notably, recent developments in mouse genetics have enabled more detailed studies of ANS neurons and circuits, which have helped elucidate autonomic control of metabolism. Here, we will summarize the functional organization of the ANS and discuss recent updates on the roles of neural and humoral factors in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis by the ANS.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Pathways; Central Nervous System; Glucose; Homeostasis; Mice
PubMed: 35474336
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00705-9 -
The FEBS Journal Apr 2021The two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), adrenergic and cholinergic, exert a multitude of effects on the human myocardium thanks to the activation of... (Review)
Review
The two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), adrenergic and cholinergic, exert a multitude of effects on the human myocardium thanks to the activation of distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on the plasma membranes of cardiac myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and coronary vascular endothelial cells. Norepinephrine (NE)/epinephrine (Epi) and acetylcholine (ACh) are released from cardiac ANS terminals and mediate the biological actions of the ANS on the heart via stimulation of cardiac adrenergic or muscarinic receptors, respectively. In addition, several other neurotransmitters/hormones act as facilitators of ANS neurotransmission in the heart, taking part in the so-called nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) part of the ANS's control of cardiac function. These NANC mediators also use several different cell membrane-residing GPCRs to exert their effects in the myocardium. Cardiac ANS dysfunction and an imbalance between the activities of its two branches underlie a variety of cardiovascular diseases, from heart failure and hypertension to coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmias. In this review, we present the main well-established signaling modalities used by cardiac autonomic GPCRs, including receptors for salient NANC mediators, and we also highlight the latest developments pertaining to cardiac cell type-specific signal transduction, resulting in cell type-specific cardiac effects of each of these autonomic receptors.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Autonomic Nervous System; Endothelial Cells; Heart Failure; Humans; Myocardium; Myocytes, Cardiac; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Signal Transduction; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 33599081
DOI: 10.1111/febs.15771 -
Developmental Psychobiology Nov 2022Temperamental risk, such as surgency, negative affect, and poor effortful control, has been posited as a predictor of externalizing symptom development. However,...
Temperamental risk, such as surgency, negative affect, and poor effortful control, has been posited as a predictor of externalizing symptom development. However, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity underlying processes of reactivity and regulation may moderate associations between early temperament and later externalizing behaviors during early childhood. The aim of the present study was to examine how interactions between resting sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) activity at age 5 may moderate associations between temperamental risk at age 3 and externalizing behavior at age 6 (n = 87). Results demonstrate different interactions between resting ANS activity and temperamental risk to predict externalizing behaviors. For children with lower SNS activation at rest, surgency was positively associated with externalizing behaviors. Negative affect was positively associated with externalizing behaviors except when there were either high levels of SNS and PNS activity or low levels of SNS and PNS activity. Effortful control was not associated with externalizing behaviors, though SNS and PNS activity interacted to predict externalizing behaviors after accounting for effortful control. Taken together, the results highlight the importance to examine multisystem resting physiological activity as a moderator of associations between temperamental risk and the development of externalizing behaviors.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Temperament; Autonomic Nervous System; Child Behavior Disorders; Parasympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 36282741
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22323 -
Seminars in Neurology Oct 2020Investigations of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the development of the autonomic nervous system have identified critical genes and signaling... (Review)
Review
Investigations of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the development of the autonomic nervous system have identified critical genes and signaling pathways that, when disrupted, cause disorders of the autonomic nervous system. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the autonomic nervous system emerges from the organized spatial and temporal patterning of precursor cell migration, proliferation, communication, and differentiation, and discusses potential clinical implications for developmental disorders of the autonomic nervous system, including familial dysautonomia, Hirschsprung disease, Rett syndrome, and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Dysautonomia, Familial; Hirschsprung Disease; Humans; Hypoventilation; Rett Syndrome; Sleep Apnea, Central
PubMed: 32927484
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713926 -
Sovremennye Tekhnologii V Meditsine 2021Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the brain in sepsis can cause severe systemic inflammation and even death. Numerous data confirmed the role of ANS... (Review)
Review
Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the brain in sepsis can cause severe systemic inflammation and even death. Numerous data confirmed the role of ANS dysfunction in the occurrence, course, and outcome of systemic sepsis. The parasympathetic part of the ANS modifies the inflammation through cholinergic receptors of internal organs, macrophages, and lymphocytes (the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway). The sympathetic part of ANS controls the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes by influencing β2-adrenergic receptors, causing the activation of intracellular genes encoding the synthesis of cytokines (anti-inflammatory beta2-adrenergic receptor interleukin-10 pathway, β2AR-IL-10). The interaction of ANS with infectious agents and the immune system ensures the maintenance of homeostasis or the appearance of a critical generalized infection. During inflammation, the ANS participates in the inflammatory response by releasing sympathetic or parasympathetic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. It is extremely important to determine the functional state of the ANS in critical conditions, since both cholinergic and sympathomimetic agents can act as either anti- or pro-inflammatory stimuli.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Critical Illness; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages
PubMed: 34795998
DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.4.12