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Journal of Breast Imaging Sep 2023A breast radiologist who is early in their career will be faced with many opportunities that can be both challenging and rewarding. It is helpful to be aware of the...
A breast radiologist who is early in their career will be faced with many opportunities that can be both challenging and rewarding. It is helpful to be aware of the resources available in the breast imaging field. Specialty society membership provides opportunities for personal and professional growth. Connections and relationships can be made with other breast radiologists at differing career stages, presenting opportunities to develop mentor-mentee relationships with experienced members and peer-to-peer relationships with colleagues who may have similar professional experiences. The resources available through society membership can assist in career development and help navigate academic and private practice settings.
Topics: Humans; Mentors; Societies; Career Mobility; Medicine; Awareness
PubMed: 38416915
DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbad038 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... May 2021When two people look at the same object in the environment and are aware of each other's attentional state, they find themselves in a shared-attention episode. This can... (Review)
Review
When two people look at the same object in the environment and are aware of each other's attentional state, they find themselves in a shared-attention episode. This can occur through intentional or incidental signaling and, in either case, causes an exchange of information between the two parties about the environment and each other's mental states. In this article, we give an overview of what is known about the building blocks of shared attention (gaze perception and joint attention) and focus on bringing to bear new findings on the initiation of shared attention that complement knowledge about gaze following and incorporate new insights from research into the sense of agency. We also present a neurocognitive model, incorporating first-, second-, and third-order social cognitive processes (the shared-attention system, or SAS), building on previous models and approaches. The SAS model aims to encompass perceptual, cognitive, and affective processes that contribute to and follow on from the establishment of shared attention. These processes include fundamental components of social cognition such as reward, affective evaluation, agency, empathy, and theory of mind.
Topics: Attention; Awareness; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Social Cognition; Social Perception
PubMed: 33567223
DOI: 10.1177/1745691620953773 -
Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) Dec 2022Goal-directed behavior is dependent upon the ability to detect errors and implement appropriate posterror adjustments. Accordingly, several studies have explored the...
Goal-directed behavior is dependent upon the ability to detect errors and implement appropriate posterror adjustments. Accordingly, several studies have explored the neural activity underlying error-monitoring processes, identifying the insula cortex as crucial for error awareness and reporting mixed findings with respect to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Variable patterns of activation have previously been attributed to insufficient statistical power. We therefore sought to clarify the neural correlates of error awareness in a large event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Four hundred and two healthy participants undertook the error awareness task, a motor Go/No-Go response inhibition paradigm in which participants were required to indicate their awareness of commission errors. Compared to unaware errors, aware errors were accompanied by significantly greater activity in a network of regions, including the insula cortex, supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and midline structures, such as the ACC and supplementary motor area (SMA). Error awareness activity was related to indices of task performance and dimensional measures of psychopathology in selected regions, including the insula, SMG, and SMA. Taken together, we identified a robust and reliable neural network associated with error awareness.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Gyrus Cinguli; Parietal Lobe; Task Performance and Analysis; Inhibition, Psychological; Awareness
PubMed: 35238340
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac077 -
Annals of Dyslexia Jul 2021Resilient readers comprehend written language despite word reading deficits. The reading resiliency framework specifies candidate protective factors hypothesized to...
Resilient readers comprehend written language despite word reading deficits. The reading resiliency framework specifies candidate protective factors hypothesized to mitigate adverse effects on reading comprehension arising from phonological decoding deficiencies and, consequently, illuminates how some individuals exhibit relative reading resiliency. A focus on relative reading resiliency involves an examination of individual strengths and weaknesses because areas of relative strength can bolster one's abilities. The ability for morphological awareness and vocabulary to be strengths or protective factors contributing to reading resiliency was explored in a sample of university students. Morphological awareness is predicted to be a particularly important skill for university students due to the complexity of texts encountered in their coursework. A measure of word-level morphological awareness was positively associated with relative reading resiliency. Furthermore, across norm-referenced and standardized high-stakes testing measures of reading comprehension, vocabulary mediated the impact of morphological awareness on comprehension after controlling for phonological decoding ability. These findings suggest that morphological awareness and vocabulary skills are important contributing factors to reading comprehension and reading resilience.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Awareness; Comprehension; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Protective Factors; Reading; Resilience, Psychological; Vocabulary; Young Adult
PubMed: 34148176
DOI: 10.1007/s11881-021-00236-y -
Asian Journal of Psychiatry Feb 2020This commentary highlights the context, complexity, conflicting claims and the contemporary confusion related to insight in people with psychosis. Traditional... (Review)
Review
This commentary highlights the context, complexity, conflicting claims and the contemporary confusion related to insight in people with psychosis. Traditional psychiatric precepts suggests that good insight is inversely related to the severity of psychotic symptoms and directly related to depression scores, better clinical outcome, and treatment adherence. However, recent studies have recognised that insight does not predict outcomes, changes over time, and is dependent on the trajectory of the individual's illness and the social and cultural context arguing that "insight" is an explanatory model and a coping strategy. Methodological issues related to the assessment of insight, the limitations of psychiatric classification and complex interaction between biology and the environment make simplistic explanations of the concept of insight less than useful. The paper argues that the biomedical model should be presented without dismissing or devaluing patient beliefs and explanations. Psychiatry needs to embrace the complexity of mental illness and value diverse attempts at restoring homeostasis.
Topics: Awareness; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology
PubMed: 31918309
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101921 -
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Sep 2023Impact factor (IF) is a concept dating back over half a century, created to evaluate the impact of a journal within a particular scientific field. In spite of...
Impact factor (IF) is a concept dating back over half a century, created to evaluate the impact of a journal within a particular scientific field. In spite of limitations, IF remains a widely used metric for journals to establish the average number of citations for articles published in a journal. The Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine (IJPM) recently received an IF of 5.1, the first IF for the journal. We believe that this is a reflection of the hard work and dedication of our authors, reviewers, publishers and editorial board. The IJPM is the official research journal of the College of Psychiatrists of Ireland, and while psychiatry is the primary discipline of the journal, the current multidisciplinary approach will continue into the future. The journal has a strong Irish and international readership; while the journal will continue to publish research with an Irish focus, the editorial team are aware of the importance of ongoing global contributions to ensure the journal maintains high-quality publications of an international standard. This is an exciting time to be involved in mental health research, and the journal will continue to publish cutting edge themes with the goal of improving mental healthcare in Ireland and beyond.
Topics: Humans; Journal Impact Factor; Psychiatry; Awareness; Ireland; Mental Health
PubMed: 37743668
DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2023.42 -
Animal Cognition Mar 2024We are said to experience insight when we suddenly and unexpectedly become aware of the solution to a problem that we previously took ourselves to be unable to solve. In...
We are said to experience insight when we suddenly and unexpectedly become aware of the solution to a problem that we previously took ourselves to be unable to solve. In the field of comparative cognition, there is rising interest in the question of whether non-human animals are capable of insightful problem-solving. Putative cases of animals demonstrating insight have generally attracted two types of criticism: first, that insight is being conflated with other cognitive capacities (e.g., causal cognition, or mental trial and error); and, second, that the relevant performances merely reflect associative learning-and on the received understanding of insight within comparative cognition, insight necessarily involves non-associative processes. I argue that even if we grant that some cases of animal insight do withstand these two criticisms, these cases of purported animal insight cannot shed light on the nature of insightful problem-solving in humans. For the phenomenon studied by cognitive psychologists under the heading of insight is fundamentally different from that studied in comparative cognition. In light of this impasse, I argue that the reinterpretation of the extant research on animal insight in terms of other high-level cognitive capacities (means-end reasoning in particular) can improve the prospect of a successful comparative research program.
Topics: Animals; Cognition; Problem Solving; Awareness; Conditioning, Classical
PubMed: 38429535
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-024-01844-y -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Oct 2022Most theories of emotion describe a crucial role for interoceptive accuracy, the perception of the body's internal physiological signals, in emotional experience.... (Review)
Review
Most theories of emotion describe a crucial role for interoceptive accuracy, the perception of the body's internal physiological signals, in emotional experience. Despite support for interoceptive accuracy's role in emotion, findings of gender differences in emotional and interoceptive processing are incompatible with theory; women typically show poorer interoceptive accuracy, but women often outperform men on measures of emotional processing and recognition. This suggests a need to re-evaluate the relationship between interoceptive accuracy and emotion considering sex and gender. Here we extend Pennebaker and Roberts' (1992) theory of gender differences in the use of interoceptive signals for emotional experience, proposing that language socialisation may result in gender differences in the propensity to label internal state changes as physiological or emotional, respectively. Despite outstanding questions concerning the fractionation of interoceptive and emotional domains, this theory provides a plausible explanation for seemingly incompatible findings of gender differences in interoceptive and emotional abilities.
Topics: Awareness; Emotions; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Interoception; Male; Recognition, Psychology; Sex Factors
PubMed: 35932952
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104808 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024To be aware of and to move one's body, the brain must maintain a coherent representation of the body. While the body and the brain are connected by dense ascending and...
To be aware of and to move one's body, the brain must maintain a coherent representation of the body. While the body and the brain are connected by dense ascending and descending sensory and motor pathways, representation of the body is not hardwired. This is demonstrated by the well-known rubber hand illusion in which a visible fake hand is erroneously felt as one's own hand when it is stroked in synchrony with the viewer's unseen actual hand. Thus, body representation in the brain is not mere maps of tactile and proprioceptive inputs, but a construct resulting from the interpretation and integration of inputs across sensory modalities.
Topics: Hand; Upper Extremity; Brain; Awareness; Emotions
PubMed: 38270854
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-7611-9_5 -
British Journal of Psychology (London,... Aug 2022Kruger and Dunning (1999) described a metacognitive bias in which insight into performance is linked to competence: poorer performers are less aware of their mistakes...
Kruger and Dunning (1999) described a metacognitive bias in which insight into performance is linked to competence: poorer performers are less aware of their mistakes than better performers. Competence-based insight has been argued to apply generally across task domains, including a recent report investigating social cognition using a variety of face-matching tasks. Problematically, serious statistical and methodological criticisms have been directed against the traditional method of analysis used by researchers in this field. Here, we further illustrate these issues and investigate new sources of insight within unfamiliar face matching. Over two experiments (total N = 1077), where Experiment 2 was a preregistered replication of the key findings from Experiment 1, we found that insight into performance was multi-faceted. Participants demonstrated insight which was not based on competence, in the form of accurate updating of estimated performance. We also found evidence of insight which was based on competence: the difference in confidence on correct versus incorrect trials increased with competence. By providing ways that we can move beyond problematic, traditional approaches, we have begun to reveal a more realistic story regarding the nature of insight into face perception.
Topics: Awareness; Facial Recognition; Humans; Metacognition
PubMed: 34984670
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12553