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Environment International Jan 2023Pesticide exposure has been associated with adverse health effects. We evaluated relationships between proximity to agricultural insecticide applications and...
BACKGROUND
Pesticide exposure has been associated with adverse health effects. We evaluated relationships between proximity to agricultural insecticide applications and insecticides in household dust, accounting for land use and wind direction.
METHODS
We measured concentrations (ng/g) of nine insecticides in carpet-dust samples collected from 598 California homes. Using a geographic information system (GIS), we integrated the California Pesticide Use Reporting (CPUR) database to estimate agricultural use within residential buffers with radii of 0.5 to 4 km. We calculated the density of use (kg/km) during 30-, 60-, 180-, and 365-day periods prior to dust collection and evaluated relationships between three density metrics (CPUR unit-based, agricultural land area adjusted, and average daily wind direction adjusted) and dust concentrations. We modeled natural-log transformed concentrations using Tobit regression for carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, and permethrin. Odds of detection were modeled with logistic regression for azinphos-methyl, cyfluthrin, malathion, and phosmet. We adjusted for season, year, occupation, and home/garden uses.
RESULTS
Chlorpyrifos use within 1-4 km was associated with 1 to 2-times higher dust concentrations in both the 60- and 365-day periods. Carbaryl applications within 2-4 km of homes 60-days prior to dust collection were associated with 3 to 7-times higher concentrations and the 4 km trend was strongest using the wind-adjusted metric (p-trend = 0.04). For diazinon, there were 2-times higher concentrations for the 60-day metrics in the 2 km buffer and for the CPUR and wind-adjusted metrics within 4 km. Cyfluthrin, phosmet, and azinphos-methyl applications within 4 km in the prior 365-days were associated with 2-, 6-, and 3-fold higher odds of detection, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Agricultural use of six of the nine insecticides within 4 km is an important determinant of indoor contamination. Our findings demonstrated that GIS-based metrics for quantifying potential exposure to fugitive emissions from agriculture should incorporate tailored distances and time periods and support wind-adjustment for some, but not all insecticides.
Topics: Insecticides; Chlorpyrifos; Diazinon; Azinphosmethyl; Environmental Exposure; Phosmet; Carbaryl; Agriculture; Pesticides; Dust
PubMed: 36493610
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107657 -
Environmental Analysis, Health and... Dec 2022The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of organophosphate compounds residue in soil, surface water, sediment, and banana crops in Araromi...
The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of organophosphate compounds residue in soil, surface water, sediment, and banana crops in Araromi farm settlement, Osun State, Nigeria. Organophosphate pesticide residues were determined using a gas chromatography equipped with Flame-Ionization Detection (GC-FID) in 16 soil samples from cocoa and banana farms, 6 water and sediment samples each, and 8 banana samples from 4 farms in the study site. Fourteen organophosphate compounds were detected (acephate, omethoate, dementon-s-methyl, dimethoate, tolcofos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, malathion, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, prothiofos, profenofos, ethion, azinphos-methyl and pyrazophos). Tolclofos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl and prothiofos were detected in all the soil and sediment samples with concentration ranges of 1.9-12.9, 2.25-6.98 and 3.38-9.89 mg/kg respectively in soil and 8.13-9.83, 2.82-25.1 and 3.70-19.5 mg/kg respectively in sediment. Dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl and prothiofos with concentration ranges, 0.06-0.28, 0.09-0.18 and 0.16-6.11 mg/L respectively were mostly detected in water samples while dimethoate, tolcofos-methyl, malathion, methidathion, prothiofos, ethion and azinphos-methyl compounds were detected in all the banana samples with concentration ranges, 3.40-12.0, 1.82-6.26, 5.73-9.48, 29.7-145, 8.24-20.1, 3.87-9.35 and 3.66-12.2 mg/kg respectively. The organophosphate mean residue concentrations were mostly significantly higher than the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) at p<0.05. Across the three samples, only pirimiphos-methyl was significantly higher in water samples, omethoate in sediment; acephate, dementon-s-methyl and chlorpyrifos in banana were also not significantly higher at p<0.05. A strong positive significant correlation was observed between the organophosphate compounds in the banana and water samples (R=0.77, p=0.002) at p<0.05. The occurrence of organophosphate compounds in concentrations above MRLs may pose serious environmental and health risks.
PubMed: 36916048
DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022035 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Jul 2023Micropollutants such as pesticides and the prediction of water quality in aquatic environments have been known as a serious risk to the environment and human health. The...
Micropollutants such as pesticides and the prediction of water quality in aquatic environments have been known as a serious risk to the environment and human health. The pollution level of six pesticides-three organochlorines (OCPs: aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) and three organophosphates (OPPs: diazinon, malathion, and azinphosmethyl)- in water, sediment, and fish samples was examined in the Miankaleh wetland, Iran. Water quality, including dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, temperature, and physicochemical properties of sediments, was analyzed. Low concentrations of OCPs (0.70 ± 0.01 μg/L) and OPPs (1.31 ± 0.1 μg/L) were observed in water. In contrast, OCPs and OPPs were not detected in sediment and fish samples in the Miankaleh wetland. Low concentrations of OCPs and OPPs in water and no pesticide concentrations in sediment and fish samples indicate low contamination of the aquatic environment in Miankaleh. The results of this study could be used as an effective reference for policy makers in the field of water resource management.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Wetlands; Iran; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Monitoring; Pesticides; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Geologic Sediments
PubMed: 37267870
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115097 -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Nov 2022One of many noteworthy consequences of increasing societal reliance on pesticides is their predominance in aquatic environments. These pernicious chemicals interact with...
Interactive effects of high temperature and pesticide exposure on oxidative status, apoptosis, and renin expression in kidney of goldfish: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of widespread kidney damage and renin attenuation.
One of many noteworthy consequences of increasing societal reliance on pesticides is their predominance in aquatic environments. These pernicious chemicals interact with high temperatures from global climate change, heat waves, and natural variations to create unstable environments that negatively impact organisms' health. To understand these conditions, we examined the dose-dependent effects of environmentally relevant pesticide mixtures (metolachlor, linuron, isoproturon, tebuconazole, aclonifen, atrazine, pendimethalin, and azinphos-methyl) combined with elevated temperatures (22 control vs. 32°C for 4-week exposure) on renin, dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, an indicator of reactive oxygen species, ROS), 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, an indicator of reactive nitrogen species, RNS), superoxidase dismutase (SOD, an antioxidant), and catalase (CAT, an antioxidant) expressions in the kidneys of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Histopathological analysis showed widespread damage to kidney tissues in high temperature and pesticide co-exposure groups, including rupture of the epithelial layer, hemorrhaging, and degeneration of tubular epithelium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated significant declines in renin receptor-like mRNA and protein expressions in kidney tissues under combined exposure to high temperature and pesticides compared with controls; conversely, expression of DNP, NTP, SOD, and CAT increased in kidney tissues under the same conditions. Apoptotic cells were also increased in co-exposure groups as assessed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick labeling (TUNEL) assay. The enhanced apoptosis in kidneys of heat and pesticides co-exposed fish was associated with increased caspase-3 (a protease enzyme) mRNA levels. Our results demonstrated that high temperature and pesticides induced oxidative/nitrative stress (i.e., ROS/RNS), damaged tissues, increased cellular apoptosis, and suppressed renin expression in kidneys of goldfish.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Atrazine; Azinphosmethyl; Caspase 3; Catalase; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Goldfish; Hot Temperature; Kidney; Linuron; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; RNA, Messenger; Reactive Nitrogen Species; Reactive Oxygen Species; Renin; Superoxide Dismutase; Temperature
PubMed: 35698815
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4357 -
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental... Mar 2023The synergy between multiple compounds and other stressors, including heat, creates volatility and greater unpredictability than standard single-chemical toxicity...
The synergy between multiple compounds and other stressors, including heat, creates volatility and greater unpredictability than standard single-chemical toxicity testing, especially in the case of pesticides and metabolites which might contain several noxious ingredients resulting in adverse ecological effects. To address this, the aim of this study was to examine the dose- and time-dependent effects of low- and high-dose pesticide mixture (metalachlor, linuron, isoproturon, tebucanazole, aclonifen, atrazine, pendimethalin, azinphos-methyl) and heat stress co-exposure (22°C control/32°C treatment for 4-week) on free-swimming behaviors and cumulative actionless time (CAT) of goldfish. Behavioral analysis showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease in distance swam, as well as a subsequent increase in CAT. Vertical and horizontal spatial behavioral use were affected under heat and pesticides co-exposure conditions. In 3- and 4-week(s) exposure groups, horizontal spatial behavioral use demonstrated elevated time spent in the lower third of the aquarium. Similarly, during 3- and 4-week(s) exposure (32°C control and 32°C high doses) vertical spatial behavioral use was found to increase time spent in the outermost edges of the aquarium. In all treatment groups, the final condition factor (KM) showed significant attenuation when compared to the initial KM. However, there was an unclear relationship between heat/pesticide co-exposure and growth most notably in 32°C high-dose groups. In addition, the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A mRNA was significantly higher in pesticide-exposed groups. Taken together, data demonstrated that co-exposure with low- or high-dose pesticide mixture and heat stress significantly impacted natural swimming patterns, which over time might result in the broader population and ecological effects.
Topics: Animals; Pesticides; Goldfish; Swimming; Temperature; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
PubMed: 36756740
DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2174463 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023Pesticides are extensively used in the cultivation and postharvest protection of citrus fruits, therefore continuous monitoring and health risk assessments of their...
Pesticides are extensively used in the cultivation and postharvest protection of citrus fruits, therefore continuous monitoring and health risk assessments of their residues are required. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of pesticide residues on citrus fruits and to evaluate the acute and chronic risk for adults and children. The risk ranking of twenty-three detected pesticides was carried out according to a matrix ranking scheme. Multiple residues were detected in 83% of 76 analyzed samples. In addition, 28% contained pesticides at or above maximum residue levels (MRLs). The most frequently detected pesticides were imazalil, azoxystrobin, and dimethomorph. According to the risk ranking method, imazalil was classified in the high-risk group, followed by prochloraz, chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, tebufenpyrad, and fenpiroximate, which were considered to pose a medium risk. The majority of detected pesticides (74%) posed a low risk. The health risk assessment indicated that imazalil and thiabendazole contribute to acute (HQa) and chronic (HQc) dietary risk, respectively. The HQc was negligible for the general population, while the HQa of imazalil and thiabendazole exceeded the acceptable level in the worst-case scenario. Cumulative chronic/acute risk (HIc/HIa) assessment showed that chronic risk was acceptable in all samples for children and adults, while the acute risk was unacceptable in 5.3% of citrus fruits for adults and 26% of citrus fruits for children. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the ingestion rate and individual body weight were the most influential risk factors.
PubMed: 37444192
DOI: 10.3390/foods12132454 -
International Journal of Hygiene and... Mar 2023Our prior work shows that azinphos-methyl pesticide exposure is associated with altered oral microbiomes in exposed farmworkers. Here we extend this analysis to show the...
Our prior work shows that azinphos-methyl pesticide exposure is associated with altered oral microbiomes in exposed farmworkers. Here we extend this analysis to show the same association pattern is also evident in their children. Oral buccal swab samples were analyzed at two time points, the apple thinning season in spring-summer 2005 for 78 children and 101 adults and the non-spray season in winter 2006 for 62 children and 82 adults. The pesticide exposure for the children were defined by the farmworker occupation of the cohabitating household adult and the blood azinphos-methyl detection of the cohabitating adult. Oral buccal swab 16S rRNA sequencing determined taxonomic microbiota proportional composition from concurrent samples from both adults and children. Analysis of the identified bacteria showed significant proportional changes for 12 of 23 common oral microbiome genera in association with azinphos-methyl detection and farmworker occupation. The most common significantly altered genera had reductions in the abundance of Streptococcus, suggesting an anti-microbial effect of the pesticide. Principal component analysis of the microbiome identified two primary clusters, with association of principal component 1 to azinphos-methyl blood detection and farmworker occupational status of the household. The children's buccal microbiota composition clustered with their household adult in ∼95% of the households. Household adult farmworker occupation and household pesticide exposure is associated with significant alterations in their children's oral microbiome composition. This suggests that parental occupational exposure and pesticide take-home exposure pathways elicit alteration of their children's microbiomes.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Pesticides; Farmers; Azinphosmethyl; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Agriculture; Occupational Exposure; Microbiota
PubMed: 36516690
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114090 -
Insects Dec 2021The codling moth, L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), is a serious invasive pest of pome fruits. Currently, management mainly relies on the application of insecticides,...
The codling moth, L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), is a serious invasive pest of pome fruits. Currently, management mainly relies on the application of insecticides, which have driven the development of resistance in the insect. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of insecticide resistance is of great significance for developing new pest resistance management techniques and formulating effective resistance management strategies. Using existing genome resequencing data, we performed selective sweep analysis by comparing two resistant strains and one susceptible strain of the insect pest and identified seven genes, among which, two (glycine receptor and glutamate receptor) were under strong insecticide selection, suggesting their functional importance in insecticide resistance. We also found that eight genes including , , , , and , are potentially involved in cross-resistance to azinphos-methyl and deltamethrin. Moreover, among several P450s identified as positively selected genes, , , and showed the highest expression level in larva compared to other stages tested, and also showed the highest expression level in midgut, supporting the roles they may play in insecticide metabolism. Our results provide several potential genes that can be studied further to advance understanding of complexity of insecticide resistance mechanisms in .
PubMed: 35055845
DOI: 10.3390/insects13010002 -
Analytical Biochemistry May 2021Intentional or unintentional intake of anticholinesterase pesticides became common due to their extensive use in agricultural and domestic purposes, resulting in...
Intentional or unintentional intake of anticholinesterase pesticides became common due to their extensive use in agricultural and domestic purposes, resulting in numerous poisoning cases. A simple, accurate, and sensitive gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry-based method for the quantification of 12 anticholinesterase pesticides (monocrotophos, dimethoate, dichlorvos, azinphos-methyl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dialifos, diazinon, malathion, parathion, methidathion, and terbufos) in serum was developed, and its utility in patients with alleged pesticides poisoning was assessed. The quantification was performed using liquid-liquid extraction by toluene/chloroform (4:1,v/v) with 500 μL of serum. On column limit of detection and limit of quantification were less than 50.00 μg/L. The recovery ranged from 97.54 to 103.23%. The calibration curves were linear (R > 0.9937). Accuracy was found to be between - 7.1 and 7.2%. Intra-day and inter-day reproducibility was less than 17% for the spiked quality control serum samples. The level of pesticide in serum quantified by the validated method correlated with clinical signs and symptoms, pseudo-cholinesterase activity, total atropine dose, length of hospital stay, and clinical outcome in 15 patients with alleged pesticide poisoning. The validated method may be used for monitoring and prognosis in patients with pesticide poisoning and diagnosis of poisoning in forensic toxicology.
Topics: Calibration; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Pesticides; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 33705722
DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114158 -
Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England... Dec 2023The lanthanide metal organic framework compounds [Ln(BPTA)(Bpy)]·0.5DMF (Ln = Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy; 1a-5a) and [Ln(BPTA)(Phen)]·0.5DMF (Ln = Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy; 1b-5b)...
The lanthanide metal organic framework compounds [Ln(BPTA)(Bpy)]·0.5DMF (Ln = Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy; 1a-5a) and [Ln(BPTA)(Phen)]·0.5DMF (Ln = Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy; 1b-5b) were prepared by employing 2,5-bis(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)terephthalic acid (2,5-BPTA) as the primary ligand and 2,2'-bipyridine (1a-5a) and 1,10-phenanthroline (1b-5b) as the secondary ligands. Single-crystal structural studies on [Gd(BPTA)(Bpy)]·0.5DMF (3a) and [Dy(BPTA)(Phen)]·0.5DMF (5b) indicated that the compounds have a two-dimensional structure. The Y compound exhibits blue emission, and the other compounds exhibit emission in the expected regions ( = 350 nm). White light emission was achieved by careful mixing of the red (Eu) and green (Tb) components in the blue emitting Y compound. Thus, YTbEu (bpy) and YTbEu (phen) were found to show white emission when excited using a wavelength of 350 nm. The introduction of N-N-containing ancillary ligands (, bpy and phen) increased the overall quantum yield (QY) of white light emission to 31% and 43%, respectively. The high QY observed for the Tb and Eu compounds was found to be sensitive and selective for the fluorometric detection of azinphos-methyl pesticide and trinitrophenol (TNP) in an aqueous medium at the ppb level. The same behaviour was observed when utilising the compounds as onsite paper strip sensors. Their magnetic properties were also studied, revealing for the Tb and Dy derivatives slow relaxation of the magnetisation at low temperature. The present study highlights the usefulness of rigid π-conjugated molecules such as 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline in enhancing the many utilities of rare-earth-containing MOFs towards white light emission, the sensing of harmful and dangerous substances and magnetic properties.
PubMed: 38013491
DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01882b