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Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB Sep 2021Legume plants from Fabaceae family (phylogenetic group composed by three subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N)... (Review)
Review
Legume plants from Fabaceae family (phylogenetic group composed by three subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) into ammonia (NH) by the symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. These bacteria respond chemotactically to certain compounds released by plants such as sugars, amino acids and organic acids. Root secretion of isoflavonoids acts as inducers for nod genes in rhizobia and ABC transporters and ICHG (isoflavone conjugates hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase) at apoplast are related to the exudation of genistein and daidzein in soybean roots. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs inside the nodule by the action of nitrogenase enzyme, which fixes N into NH, which is converted into ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid). In this review, we bring together the latest findings on flavonoids biosynthesis and ureide metabolism in several legume plant species. We emphasize how flavonoids induce nod genes in rhizobia, affecting chemotaxis, nodulation, ureide production, growth and yield of legume plants. Mainly, isoflavonoids daidzein and genistein are responsible for nod genes activation in the rhizobia bacteria. Flavonoids also play an important role during nodule organogenesis by acting as auxin transporter inhibitors in root cells, especially in indeterminate nodules. The ureides are the main N transport form in tropical legumes and they are catabolized in leaves and other sink tissues to produce amino acids and proteins needed for plant growth and yield.
Topics: Fabaceae; Flavonoids; Nitrogen Fixation; Phylogeny; Plant Root Nodulation; Rhizobium; Symbiosis
PubMed: 34171572
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.007 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023In this study, the effects of quercetin and daidzein on egg quality, lipid metabolism, and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were compared in layers. Hyline brown...
In this study, the effects of quercetin and daidzein on egg quality, lipid metabolism, and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were compared in layers. Hyline brown layers at 385 days of age with a similar laying rate (81.36% ± 0.62%) and body weight (2.10 kg ± 0.04 kg) were randomly divided into three treatments, six replicates per treatment, and 20 layers per replicate. Layers in control, quercetin, and daidzein treatment were fed by a basal diet supplemented with 0 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg quercetin, and 30 mg/kg of daidzein for 10 weeks. Results showed that eggshell strength and albumen height in week 4, egg yolk diameter in week 10, and eggshell thickness and egg yolk height in weeks 4 and 10 were significantly increased in the quercetin treatment ( ≤ 0.05); contents of phospholipid (PL) and lecithin (LEC) in egg yolk and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content in serum were significantly increased; however, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in egg yolk, contents of TC, TG, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in serum, and contents of TC and TG in the liver were significantly decreased in the quercetin treatment ( ≤ 0.05); contents of isobutyric acid and valeric acid were significantly increased in the cecum of the quercetin treatment ( ≤ 0.05), compared with control. Moreover, egg yolk height in week 10 and eggshell thickness in weeks 4 and 10 were significantly increased in the daidzein treatment ( ≤ 0.05); contents of MDA, TC, and TG in egg yolk, TC, TG, and VLDL in serum, and TC and TG in liver were significantly decreased in the daidzein treatment ( ≤ 0.05); and HDL content was significantly increased in serum of the daidzein treatment ( ≤ 0.05) compared with control. However, daidzein did not affect SCFA content in the cecum. In conclusion, egg quality was improved by quercetin and daidzein by increasing the antioxidant ability of egg yolk and by regulating lipid metabolism in layers. Quercetin worked better than daidzein in improving egg quality under this experimental condition.
PubMed: 38188719
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1301542 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2023Black soybean (BS) is a nutritious legume that is high in proteins, essential amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, isoflavones,... (Review)
Review
Black soybean (BS) is a nutritious legume that is high in proteins, essential amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, isoflavones, and flavones. Traditional approaches for extracting BS bioactive compounds are commonly employed because they are simple and inexpensive, but they use toxic solvents and have lower yields. As a result, new extraction techniques have been developed, such as microwave, ultrasound, and enzyme-assisted extraction. Modern approaches are less harmful to the environment, are faster, and produce higher yields. The major anthocyanin in the BS seed coat was discovered as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, accounting for nearly 75% of the total anthocyanins. BS and its seed coat also contains phenolic acids (-hydroxybenzoic, gallic, vanillin, syringic acid), isoflavones (daidzein, glycitein and genistein), flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and flavanols. Bioactive compounds present in BS exhibit antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, cardio and neuroprotective activities. The characterization and biological activity investigation of these bioactive compounds has provided researchers and food manufacturers with valuable information for developing functional food products and nutraceutical ingredients. In this review, the nutritional makeup of BS is reviewed, and the paper seeks to provide an insight of bioactive compound extraction methods as well as bioactive compounds identified by various researchers. The biological activities of BS extracts and their potential applications in food products (noodles), biodegradable films (pH sensitive film), and therapeutic applications (wound healing and anti-inflammation) are also discussed in the study. Therefore, BS have enormous potential for use in developing functional foods and nutraceutical components. This is the first review of its sort to describe and explain various extraction methodologies and characterization of bioactives, as well as their biological activity recorded in diverse works of literature, making it possible for food manufacturers and scientists to get a quick overview.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Glycine max; Phenols; Isoflavones; Flavones; Dietary Supplements; Antioxidants
PubMed: 35139704
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2029825 -
Oral Diseases Apr 2023Daidzein is a kind of isoflavone compound with many biological functions. However, the specific mechanism regarding the treatment of periodontitis with daidzein is still...
CONTEXT
Daidzein is a kind of isoflavone compound with many biological functions. However, the specific mechanism regarding the treatment of periodontitis with daidzein is still unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of daidzein on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and its mechanism.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Human periodontal ligament stem cells from clinical samples were isolated in vitro and identified by flow cytometry. hPDLSCs were treated with different concentrations of daidzein. Cell proliferation ability and viability were measured by MTT assay and cell colony formation assay. Osteogenic differentiation and calcification of hPDLSCs were observed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression of c-myc, CyclinD1, osteogenic differentiation-related proteins, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins in hPDLSCs.
RESULTS
human periodontal ligament stem cells were positive for surface antigens CD146, STRO-1, and CD90 expression, but negative for CD45 expression, indicating the successful isolation of hPDLSCs. In addition, daidzein could significantly promote the proliferation, cell viability, ALP activity, and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSC. At the same time, daidzein could notably increase the expression levels of c-myc, CyclinD1, osteogenic differentiation-related proteins, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins, while an inhibitor of Wnt/ β-catenin pathway, XAV-939, could reverse the effect caused by daidzein.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Daidzein promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Topics: Humans; Periodontal Ligament; Osteogenesis; Cells, Cultured; Cell Differentiation; Stem Cells; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 34942044
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14113 -
Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical... Feb 2022Daidzein (DZ), a water-insoluble isoflavone, has many beneficial effects (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, etc.) on human health. DZ has a very...
OBJECTIVES
Daidzein (DZ), a water-insoluble isoflavone, has many beneficial effects (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, etc.) on human health. DZ has a very low oral bioavailability related to its physicochemical properties (low solubility, intense metabolism of DZ in the intestine and liver). This study aimed to prepare and characterize the nanosuspension formulations of DZ to improve the poor solubility and efficacy of DZ.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
DZ nanosuspension formulations were prepared with media milling technique using zirconium oxide beads as milling media. Pluronic F127 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 (formulation A; F-A) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (SDS + pluronic F127 + PVP K30; formulation B; F-B) were used as stabilizers. The nanosuspension formulations were evaluated for morphological properties, particle sizes, zeta potential, DZ content, saturation solubility, dissolution, and their cytotoxic effects on RG2 glioblastoma tumor cells.
RESULTS
F-A and F-B formulations were nanosized (in the range of about 181-235 nm) and had negative zeta potential values before and after lyophilization. The DZ content of F-A and F-B formulations were found to be 93.68±0.78% and 89.75±0.49%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between DZ and the excipients. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed no change in the crystal structure of DZ in F-A and F-B formulations.
CONCLUSION
In this study, the nanosuspension formulations were successfully prepared and characterized . Nanosuspension formulations increased the saturation solubility, dissolution rate, and cytotoxic effect of DZ.
PubMed: 35227054
DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.81905 -
Heliyon Jun 2023Isoflavones and probiotics have shown the therapeutic potential to alter calcium absorption and bone cell metabolism. This study sought to ascertain the effect of...
Isoflavones and probiotics have shown the therapeutic potential to alter calcium absorption and bone cell metabolism. This study sought to ascertain the effect of isoflavones and probiotics on calcium status and bone health in healthy female rats. Forty-eight adult female Wistar rats were grouped and fed: a standard diet (control); and standard diets with tempeh; soy; daidzein and genistein; ; and a combination of daidzein, genistein, and . The biochemical serum parameters, such as alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, glucose, and triacylglycerol concentrations, were measured, and calcium contents in tissues were determined. After staining the bone with hematoxylin and eosin, the number of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and the percentage of bone marrow adipocytes were counted. Compared with the control group, the soy group showed a significantly lower triacylglycerol concentration. The L. group considerably increased the calcium content in the femoral bone. The daidzein and genistein, , and a combination of daidzein, genistein, and groups showed significantly lower calcium contents in the heart and kidneys. The daidzein and genistein group significantly enhanced the number of osteoblasts and osteocytes. A substantial inverse correlation was observed between calcium contents in kidneys and osteoblasts. In conclusion, the combination of daidzein, genistein, and may improve bone calcium concentrations and bone cells. However, no synergistic effect between isoflavones and probiotics was detected in this study.
PubMed: 37292353
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16801 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Nov 2023The gut microbiota (GM) produces different polyphenol-derived metabolites, yielding high interindividual variability and hampering consistent health effects. GM...
The gut microbiota (GM) produces different polyphenol-derived metabolites, yielding high interindividual variability and hampering consistent health effects. GM metabotypes associated with ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes A (UMA), B (UMB), and 0 (UM0)), resveratrol (lunularin -producers (LP) and non-producers (LNP)), and daidzein (equol-producers (EP) and non-producers (ENP)) are known. However, individual polyphenol-related metabotypes do not occur individually. In contrast, different combinations coexist (i.e., metabotype clusters, MCs). We report here for the first time these MCs, their distribution, and their associated GM in adult humans (n = 127) after consuming for 7 days a nutraceutical (pomegranate, Polygonum cuspidatum, and red clover extracts) containing ellagitannins + ellagic acid, resveratrol, and isoflavones. Urine metabolites (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) and fecal microbiota (16S rRNA sequencing) were analyzed. Ten MCs were identified: LP + UMB + ENP (22.7%), LP + UMA + ENP (21.3%), LP + UMA + EP (16.7%), LP + UMB + EP (16%), LNP + UMA + ENP (11.3%), LNP + UMB + ENP (5.3%), LNP + UMA + EP (3.3%), LNP + UMB + EP (2%), LNP + UM0 + EP (0.7%), and LNP + UM0 + ENP (0.7%). Sex, BMI, and age did not affect the distribution of metabotypes or MCs. Multivariate analysis (MaAslin2) revealed genera differentially present in individual metabotypes and MCs. Network analysis (MENA) showed the taxa acting as module hubs and connectors. Compositional and functional profiling, alpha and beta diversities, topological network features, and GM modulation by the nutraceutical differed depending on whether the entire cohort or each MC was considered. The nutraceutical did not change the composition of LP + UMA + EP (the most robust GM with the most associated functions) but increased its network connectors. This pioneering approach, joining GM's compositional, functional, and network features in polyphenol metabolism, paves the way for identifying personalized GM-targeted strategies to improve polyphenol health benefits.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Resveratrol; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ellagic Acid; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Isoflavones; Polyphenols; Cluster Analysis
PubMed: 37803793
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113470 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023The pathway for forming isoflavonoid skeletal structure is primarily restricted to the Leguminosae family. Subsequent decorations on the compound backbone by tailoring... (Review)
Review
The pathway for forming isoflavonoid skeletal structure is primarily restricted to the Leguminosae family. Subsequent decorations on the compound backbone by tailoring enzymes would change their biological and medicinal properties. is a leguminous plant, and as a traditional Chinese medicine its roots have been ascribed a number of pharmacological activities. Glycosylation and methylation are the main modifying processes in isoflavonoid metabolism in roots, resulting in the accumulation of unique glycosylated and methylated end isoflavonoid compounds. For instance, daidzein 8--glucoside (i.e., puerarin) and puerarin derivatives are produced only by the genus. Puerarin has been established as a clinical drug for curing cardiovascular diseases. To better understand the characteristic isoflavonoid metabolism in , this review attempts to summarize the research progress made with understanding the main glycosylation and methylation of isoflavonoids in and their biosynthetic enzymes.
PubMed: 38162309
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1330586 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Dec 2022Many studies have investigated the effects of soy isoflavones on weight control, but few have focused on the role of equol, a gut-derived metabolite of daidzein with... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Many studies have investigated the effects of soy isoflavones on weight control, but few have focused on the role of equol, a gut-derived metabolite of daidzein with greater bioavailability than other soy isoflavones.
OBJECTIVES
This study examined the association of equol production with obesity and explored the mediating roles of equol-related gut microbiota and microbial carnitine metabolites.
METHODS
This 6.6-y prospective study included 2958 Chinese adults (2011 females and 947 males) aged 60.6 ± 6.0 y (mean ± SD) at baseline. Urinary equol and isoflavones were measured using HPLC-tandem MS. BMI, percentage fat mass (%FM), and serum triglycerides (TGs) were assessed every 3 y. Metagenomics sequencing and assessment of carnitine metabolites in feces were performed in a subsample of 897 participants.
RESULTS
Urinary equol, but not daidzein and genistein, was independently and inversely associated with the obesity-related indicators of BMI, %FM, and a biomarker (TGs). Equol producers (EPs) had lower odds of adiposity conditions and a reduced risk of 6.6-y obesity progression than non-EPs among total participants. Gut microbial analyses indicated that EPs had higher microbiome species richness (P = 3.42 × 10-5) and significantly different β-diversity of gut microbiota compared with the non-EP group (P = 0.001), with 20 of 162 species differing significantly. EPs (compared with non-EPs) had higher abundances of Alistipes senegalensis and Coprococcus catus but lower abundances of Ruminococcus gnavus (false discovery rate <0.05). Among the 7 determined fecal acylcarnitine metabolites, palmitoylcarnitine, oleylcarnitine 18:1, and stearylcarnitine were inversely associated with EPs but positively correlated with obesity conditions and progression. Path analyses indicated that the beneficial association between equol and obesity might be mediated by gut microbiota and decreased production of 3 acylcarnitines in feces.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests a beneficial association between equol and obesity, mediated by the gut microbiome and acylcarnitines, in adults.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03179657.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Adiposity; Carnitine; Equol; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Isoflavones; Obesity; Prospective Studies; Middle Aged
PubMed: 36095141
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac252 -
Anticancer Research Dec 2023Genistein (4', 5, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone) and daidzein (4', 7-dihydroxyisoflavone) are isoflavones derived from soybean and have anti-cancer effects in various cells....
BACKGROUND/AIM
Genistein (4', 5, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone) and daidzein (4', 7-dihydroxyisoflavone) are isoflavones derived from soybean and have anti-cancer effects in various cells. However, the effects of genistein and daidzein on the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 has not been investigated before.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells were treated with genistein for 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were measured.
RESULTS
Genistein significantly inhibited proliferation of Saos-2 cells stronger than daidzein in a dose-dependent manner (0 to 80 μM). Genistein also significantly suppressed Saos-2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (0 to 100 μM). In contrast, daidzein did not affect Saos-2 cell viability. Real-time PCR revealed that genistein caused G1-arrest by increasing the expression of p21 and p27 mRNAs in Saos-2 cells. In addition, genistein induced apoptosis through the up-regulation of effector caspase-3/7 activity in Saos-2 cells. Genistein also enhanced initiator caspase-9 and TNF-α mRNA expression in cells.
CONCLUSION
Genistein may inhibit proliferation through the up-regulation of p21 and p27 and viability by inducing apoptosis in Saos-2 cells.
Topics: Humans; Genistein; Cell Line, Tumor; Isoflavones; Apoptosis; Osteosarcoma; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 38030209
DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16742