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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2020Albumin is among the most important proteins and plays a significant role in maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure, wound healing, decreasing oxidative damage,... (Review)
Review
Albumin is among the most important proteins and plays a significant role in maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure, wound healing, decreasing oxidative damage, carrying drugs and endogenous substances, and coagulation. Hypoalbuminemia is common in acute and chronic illnesses. Replenishment of albumin can be in the form of fresh frozen, frozen or cryopoor plasma, or in the form of human or canine albumin concentrates. Infusion of human albumin concentrate to healthy and critically ill dogs can induce acute and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Death has been reported. Therefore, allogenic transfusion in the form of plasma products or canine albumin concentrate is recommended.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Hypoalbuminemia; Serum Albumin
PubMed: 32839002
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.005 -
Annals of the ICRP Jul 2021It has been 10 years since the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011. Large quantities of I, Cs, and Cs were released into the environment, and 80%...
It has been 10 years since the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011. Large quantities of I, Cs, and Cs were released into the environment, and 80% of Cs still remains. In addition to the decrease by attenuation, the transfer of Cs to plants, animals, and humans is decreasing due to movement and changing fractions with elapsed time. The activity concentration of Cs in the atmosphere has decreased drastically, and the internal radiation dose due to inhalation is negligible. The activity concentration of Cs in agricultural plants is decreasing due to decontamination of soil, application of potassium, and lower levels in irrigation water. The activity concentration of Cs in wild animals is decreasing, and shows seasonal variation in wild boars. The activity concentration of Cs in offshore seawater has decreased to 0.01 Bq l. Therefore, the radiation dose is <1 mSv of the additional radiation dose.
Topics: Animals; Cesium Radioisotopes; Fukushima Nuclear Accident; Humans; Japan; Nuclear Power Plants; Radiation Monitoring; Radiation Protection; Water Pollutants, Radioactive
PubMed: 34120488
DOI: 10.1177/01466453211006808 -
The European Physical Journal. E, Soft... Sep 2023Aqueous solutions of oppositely charged macromolecules exhibit the ubiquitous phenomenon of coacervation. This subject is of considerable current interest due to...
Aqueous solutions of oppositely charged macromolecules exhibit the ubiquitous phenomenon of coacervation. This subject is of considerable current interest due to numerous biotechnological applications of coacervates and the general premise of biomolecular condensates. Towards a theoretical foundation of structural features of coacervates, we present a field-theoretic treatment of coacervates formed by uniformly charged flexible polycations and polyanions in an electrolyte solution. We delineate different regimes of polymer concentration fluctuations and structural features of coacervates based on the concentrations of polycation and polyanion, salt concentration, and experimentally observable length scales. We present closed-form formulas for correlation length of polymer concentration fluctuations, scattering structure factor, and radius of gyration of a labelled polyelectrolyte chain inside a concentrated coacervate. Using random phase approximation suitable for concentrated polymer systems, we show that the inter-monomer electrostatic interaction is screened by interpenetration of all charged polymer chains and that the screening length depends on the individual concentrations of the polycation and the polyanion, as well as the salt concentration. Our calculations show that the scattering intensity decreases monotonically with scattering wave vector at higher salt concentrations, while it exhibits a peak at intermediate scattering wave vector at lower salt concentrations. Furthermore, we predict that the dependence of the radius of gyration of a labelled chain on its degree of polymerization generally obeys the Gaussian chain statistics. However, the chain is modestly swollen, the extent of which depending on polyelectrolyte composition, salt concentration, and the electrostatic features of the polycation and polyanion such as the degree of ionization.
PubMed: 37682368
DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00335-1 -
Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Feb 2022Mammals and birds seek a warm environment prior to sleep, which triggers vasodilatation and body cooling. Ambient temperatures outside the thermoneutral zone suppress...
Mammals and birds seek a warm environment prior to sleep, which triggers vasodilatation and body cooling. Ambient temperatures outside the thermoneutral zone suppress sleep, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We discuss the neurocircuit interactions associated with thermal and sleep regulation that occur primarily in the hypothalamic areas. An increase in ambient temperature stimulates the median preoptic/medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus, decreases body temperature, and increases non-REM sleep. Similarly, optical stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, which contains galanin (VLPO), results in body cooling and non-REM sleep. A decrease in VLPO disrupts sleep in elderly individuals and may also be associated with reduced decline in core body temperature during sleep. However, stimulation of neurons that synthesize melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamus decreases body temperature and induces REM sleep. We also discussed the acute effect of light on sleep induction and decreased body temperature, implicated with gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurons in the preoptic area. Further investigation is needed to determine the mechanisms that induce physiological responses in diurnal and nocturnal species. These studies will contribute to a better understanding of the association between sleep and thermoregulation.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Humans; Preoptic Area; Sleep; Sleep, REM
PubMed: 35108682
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202003 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021This review was focused on expressing the effects of base liquid, temperature, possible surfactant, concentration and characteristics of nanoparticles including size,... (Review)
Review
This review was focused on expressing the effects of base liquid, temperature, possible surfactant, concentration and characteristics of nanoparticles including size, shape and material on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. An increase in nanoparticle concentration can lead to an increase in thermal conductivity and viscosity and an increase in nanoparticle size, can increase or decrease thermal conductivity, while an increase in nanoparticle size decreases the viscosity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants at low concentrations can increase thermal conductivity, but at high concentrations, surfactants help to reduce thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants can decrease the nanofluid viscosity. Increasing the temperature, increased the thermal conductivity of a nanofluid, while decreasing its viscosity. Additionally, the effects of material of nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of a nanofluid need further investigations. In the case of hybrid nanofluids, it was observed that nanofluids with two different particles have the same trend of behavior as nanofluids with single particles in the regard to changes in temperature and concentration. Additionally, the level of accuracy of existing theoretical models for thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids was examined.
PubMed: 33800374
DOI: 10.3390/ma14051291 -
Journal of Animal Science Jul 2021In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk... (Review)
Review
In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Lactation; Milk
PubMed: 34196701
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab130 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2020Platelet cryopreservation has been investigated for several decades as an alternative to room temperature storage of platelet concentrates. The use of dimethylsulfoxide... (Review)
Review
Platelet cryopreservation has been investigated for several decades as an alternative to room temperature storage of platelet concentrates. The use of dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotectant has improved platelet storage and cryopreserved concentrates can be kept at -80 °C for two years. Cryopreserved platelets can serve as emergency backup to support stock crises or to disburden difficult logistic areas like rural or military regions. Cryopreservation significantly influences platelet morphology, decreases platelet activation and severely abrogates platelet aggregation. Recent data indicate that cryopreserved platelets have a procoagulant phenotype because thrombin and fibrin formation kicks in earlier compared to room temperature stored platelets. This happens both in static and hydrodynamic conditions. In a clinical setting, low 1-h post transfusion recoveries of cryopreserved platelets represent fast clearance from circulation which may be explained by changes to the platelet GPIbα receptor. Cryopreservation splits the concentrate in two platelet subpopulations depending on GPIbα expression levels. Further research is needed to unravel its physiological importance. Proving clinical efficacy of cryopreserved platelets is difficult because of the heterogeneity of indications and the ambiguity of outcome measures. The procoagulant character of cryopreserved platelets has increased interest for use in trauma stressing the need for double-blinded randomized clinical trials in actively bleeding patients.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Blood Specimen Collection; Cryopreservation; Fibrin; Humans; Platelet Aggregation; Thrombin
PubMed: 32023815
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030935 -
Platelets Dec 2023When platelet concentrates (PCs) were first introduced in the 1960s as a blood component therapy, they were stored in the cold. As platelet transfusion became more... (Review)
Review
When platelet concentrates (PCs) were first introduced in the 1960s as a blood component therapy, they were stored in the cold. As platelet transfusion became more important for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, research into ways to increase supply intensified. During the late 1960s/early 1970s, it was demonstrated through radioactive labeling of platelets that room temperature platelets (RTP) had superior post-transfusion recovery and survival compared with cold-stored platelets (CSP). This led to a universal switch to room temperature storage, despite CSP demonstrating superior hemostatic effectiveness upon being transfused. There has been a global resurgence in studies into CSP over the last two decades, with an increase in the use of PC to treat acute bleeding within hospital and pre-hospital care. CSP demonstrate many benefits over RTP, including longer shelf life, decreased bacterial risk and easier logistics for transport, making PC accessible in areas where they have not previously been, such as the battlefield. In addition, CSP are reported to have greater hemostatic function than RTP and are thus potentially better for the treatment of bleeding. This review describes the history of CSP, the functional and metabolic assays used to assess the platelet storage lesion in PC and the current research, benefits and limitations of CSP. We also discuss whether the application of new technology for studying mitochondrial and glycolytic function in PC could provide enhanced understanding of platelet metabolism during storage and thus contribute to the continued improvements in the manufacturing and storage of PC.
Topics: Humans; Blood Preservation; Blood Platelets; Cold Temperature; Platelet Transfusion; Hemorrhage; Energy Metabolism
PubMed: 36922733
DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2188969 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in excess sludge of wastewater treatment plants are valuable biopolymers that can act as recovery materials. However,...
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in excess sludge of wastewater treatment plants are valuable biopolymers that can act as recovery materials. However, effectively concentrating EPSs consumes a significant amount of energy. This study employed novel energy-saving pressure-free dead-end forward osmosis (DEFO) technology to concentrate various biopolymers, including EPSs and model biopolymers [sodium alginate (SA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and a mixture of both (denoted as BSA-SA)]. The feasibility of the DEFO technology was proven and the largest concentration ratios for these biopolymers were 94.8 % for EPSs, 97.1 % for SA, 97.8 % for BSA, and 98.4 % for BSA-SA solutions. An evaluation model was proposed, incorporating the FO membrane's water permeability coefficient and the concentrated substances' osmotic resistance, to describe biopolymers' concentration properties. Irrespective of biopolymer type, the water permeability coefficient decreased with increasing osmotic pressure, remained constant with increasing feed solution (FS) concentration, increased with increasing crossing velocity in the draw side, and showed little dependence on draw salt type. In the EPS DEFO concentration process, osmotic resistance was minimally impacted by osmotic pressure, FS concentration, and crossing velocity, and monovalent metal salts were proposed as draw solutes. The interaction between reverse diffusion metal cations and EPSs affected the structure of the concentrated substances on the FO membrane, thus changing the osmotic resistance in the DEFO process. These findings offer insights into the efficient concentration of biopolymers using DEFO.
Topics: Osmosis; Biopolymers; Alginates; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Permeability; Osmotic Pressure; Water; Cattle; Membranes, Artificial; Animals; Water Purification
PubMed: 38763237
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132338