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Analytical Chemistry Jul 2019Isolation of substances by liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) or electromembrane extraction (EME) is becoming more and more important in analytical chemistry. However,...
Isolation of substances by liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) or electromembrane extraction (EME) is becoming more and more important in analytical chemistry. However, the understanding of the mass transfer in LPME and EME is limited, especially for highly concentrated samples. In this work, the mass transfer in LPME and EME from aqueous samples (0.5-200 mg L) was studied in terms of recovery, equilibrium time, flux, and mass transfer capacity. In both EME and LPME, high recoveries were achieved at low analyte concentration, and the recoveries decreased at high analyte concentration. For EME, the loss in recovery was partly compensated by increasing the extraction voltage (from 50 to 200 V), while the LPME recovery at high analyte concentration was improved by increasing the extraction time (from 30 to 180 min). EME was superior in terms of equilibrium time and flux, while LPME provided much higher mass transfer capacity especially for highly concentrated samples. Moreover, the recovery was much more sensitive to high analyte concentrations in EME than in LPME, and the EME recovery decreased significantly above 50 mg L, indicating that LPME could be used to isolate analytes in a wider concentration range than EME. We believe that this fundamental study will be of great importance for the selection of a suitable membrane-based microextraction technique.
PubMed: 31141346
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00946 -
Hospital Pharmacy Jun 2020Valproic acid is a commonly used antiepileptic drug. Combining valproate derivatives with carbapenem antibiotics is associated with a potential drug interaction that...
Valproic acid is a commonly used antiepileptic drug. Combining valproate derivatives with carbapenem antibiotics is associated with a potential drug interaction that decreases serum concentration of valproate and may expose the patient to uncontrolled seizure risk from valproate subtherapeutic concentration. Raising awareness of this drug interaction among health care providers including emergency department physicians, neurologists, and pharmacists is highly needed. The aim of this article was to review the current literature about the potential drug interaction resulting from combining valproate derivatives with carbapenem antibiotics and to establish therapeutic recommendations regarding their use together. A review of the literature was conducted using Medline (through PubMed), Ovid, Embase, Cochrane library using the following keywords: valproate, valproic acid, carbapenem, ertapenem, doripenem, meropenem, imipenem, and valproate drug interaction. In addition, a manual search through major journals for articles referenced in PubMed was performed. Related publications from January 1998 till November 2018 were included in the initial search. Relevant publications were reviewed, and data regarding patients, type of carbapenem used, valproic acid dosing and level, interaction severity, and clinical outcome were summarized. Few clinical trials and multiple case reports have shown that carbapenem antibiotics including meropenem, ertapenem, imipenem, and doripenem can decrease the serum concentration of valproate derivatives leading to a subtherapeutic serum concentration and seizures in some patients. Valproic acid serum concentration may be significantly decreased with addition of a carbapenem antibiotic but generally return toward normal shortly after discontinuation of the carbapenem antibiotic. Generally, the concurrent use of carbapenem antibiotics with valproate derivatives should be avoided due to the potential of drug-drug interaction that results in subtherapeutic valproate serum concentration. Other antimicrobial agents should be considered as alternatives to carbapenems but if a concurrent carbapenem is necessary, using an additional antiepileptic agent is recommended. Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproate serum concentrations is warranted when a carbapenem-valproic acid combination therapy is unavoidable.
PubMed: 32508355
DOI: 10.1177/0018578719831974 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Nov 2022Albuterol by inhalation (IH) is a common treatment for hyperkalemia in humans but its effect on blood potassium concentrations in dogs is unknown.
BACKGROUND
Albuterol by inhalation (IH) is a common treatment for hyperkalemia in humans but its effect on blood potassium concentrations in dogs is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
Determine whether albuterol (IH) decreases blood potassium concentrations in healthy normokalemic dogs and if effects are dose-dependent.
ANIMALS
Ten healthy dogs.
METHODS
Prospective, crossover experimental study. Albuterol sulfate was administered at a low-dose (90 μg) in phase I and, 7 days later, high-dose (450 μg) in phase II. Blood potassium and glucose concentrations (measured via blood gas analyzer) and heart rates were obtained at baseline and then 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 360 minutes after inhaler actuation.
RESULTS
Blood potassium concentrations decreased rapidly after albuterol delivery with a significant reduction compared to baseline within 30 minutes in both phases (P = .05). The potassium nadir concentration of phase I occurred at 60 minutes (mean, SD; 4.07 mmol/L, 0.4) and was significantly decreased from baseline, (4.30 mmol/L, 0.3; t(9) = 2.40, P = .04). The potassium nadir concentration of phase II occurred at 30 minutes (mean, SD; 3.96 mmol/L, 0.39) and was also significantly decreased from baseline, (4.33 mmol/L, 0.4; t(9) = 2.22, P = .05). The potassium nadir concentration decreased by 0.1 mmol/L for each 10 μg/kg increase in dose of albuterol (P = .01). Five dogs had ≥1 hyperglycemic measurement (ie, >112 mg/dL). No median heart rate was tachycardic nor was any mean blood glucose concentration hyperglycemic at any time point.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Albuterol IH decreases blood potassium concentrations in a dose-dependent manner without clinically meaningful alterations to heart rate or blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs. The mean decrease in potassium concentration at the high-dose of albuterol was modest (0.38 mmol/L).
Topics: Humans; Dogs; Animals; Albuterol; Potassium; Prospective Studies; Blood Glucose; Hyperkalemia; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36178135
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16552 -
Cureus Feb 2020Blood viscosity is increased by elevated concentrations of acute phase reactants and hypergammaglobulinemia in inflammation. These increase blood viscosity by increasing... (Review)
Review
Blood viscosity is increased by elevated concentrations of acute phase reactants and hypergammaglobulinemia in inflammation. These increase blood viscosity by increasing plasma viscosity and fostering erythrocyte aggregation. Blood viscosity is also increased by decreased erythrocyte deformability, as occurs in malaria. Increased blood viscosity contributes to the association of acute infections with myocardial infarction (MI), venous thrombosis, and venous thromboembolism. It also increases vascular resistance, which decreases tissue perfusion and activates stretch receptors in the left ventricle, thereby initiating the systemic vascular resistance response. This compensates for the increased vascular resistance by vasodilation, lowering hematocrit, and decreasing intravascular volume. This physiological response causes the anemias associated with malaria, chronic inflammation, and other chronic diseases. Since tissue perfusion is inversely proportional to blood viscosity, anemia may be beneficial as it increases tissue perfusion when erythrocyte aggregating factors or erythrocytes with decreased deformability are present in the blood.
PubMed: 32226691
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7090 -
MSphere Aug 2022The pathological properties of airway mucus in cystic fibrosis (CF) are dictated by mucus concentration and composition, with mucins and DNA being responsible for mucus...
The pathological properties of airway mucus in cystic fibrosis (CF) are dictated by mucus concentration and composition, with mucins and DNA being responsible for mucus viscoelastic properties. As CF pulmonary disease progresses, the concentrations of mucins and DNA increase and are associated with increased mucus viscoelasticity and decreased transport. Similarly, the biophysical properties of bacterial biofilms are heavily influenced by the composition of their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). While the roles of polymer concentration and composition in mucus and biofilm mechanical properties have been evaluated independently, the relationship between mucus concentration and composition and the biophysical properties of biofilms grown therein remains unknown. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were grown in airway mucus as a function of overall concentration and DNA concentration to mimic healthy, and CF pathophysiology and biophysical properties were evaluated with macro- and microrheology. Biofilms were also characterized after exposure to DNase or DTT to examine the effects of DNA and mucin degradation, respectively. Identifying critical targets in biofilms for disrupting mechanical stability in highly concentrated mucus may lead to the development of efficacious biofilm therapies and ultimately improve CF patient outcomes. Overall mucus concentration was the predominant contributor to biofilm viscoelasticity and both DNA degradation and mucin reduction resulted in compromised biofilm mechanical strength. Pathological mucus in cystic fibrosis (CF) is highly concentrated and insufficiently cleared from the airway, causing chronic inflammation and infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes chronic infection in the form of biofilms within mucus, and this study determined that biofilms formed in more concentrated mucus were more robust and less susceptible to mechanical and chemical challenges compared to biofilms grown in lower concentrated mucus. Neither DNA degradation nor disulfide bond reduction was sufficient to fully degrade biofilms. Mucus rehydration should remain a priority for treating CF pulmonary disease with concomitant multimechanistic biofilm degradation agents and antibiotics to clear chronic infection.
Topics: Biofilms; Cystic Fibrosis; DNA; Humans; Mucins; Mucus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 35968965
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00291-22 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2023A comprehensive study on the effect of mineral content on milk foaming properties was conducted. Samples with increased mineral concentration were prepared by adding...
A comprehensive study on the effect of mineral content on milk foaming properties was conducted. Samples with increased mineral concentration were prepared by adding four different types of minerals (KHPO, KCit, CaCl and MgCl) at three different concentration levels (5, 10 and 20 mM) in both reconstituted skim milk powder and milk protein concentrate. Samples with reduced minerals were prepared by reconstituting milk protein concentrate in modified simulated milk ultrafiltrates. Different mineral types showed different effects on the physicochemical properties of milk samples. The addition of KCit increased the viscosity and decreased the surface tension while there were no significant differences between the samples added with KHPO, MgCl or CaCl. In terms of foaming properties, the addition of CaCl or MgCl significantly increased the foam strength and stability while decreasing foamability. In contrast, the addition of KCit significantly decreased foam stability and foam strength while increasing foamability. It was also found that reduction in minerals in the range studied did not affect the foaming properties of milk. These results indicate that the effect of minerals on milk foaming properties depends on the type of mineral and the concentration. This provides an insight that while designing dairy-based food products, the mineral content can be manipulated to achieve the desired foaming properties.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Chloride; Milk; Milk Proteins; Minerals
PubMed: 37254381
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112796 -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Jun 2023This study evaluated the effect of sperm concentration of boar semen doses, for intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI), on semen quality and established...
This study evaluated the effect of sperm concentration of boar semen doses, for intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI), on semen quality and established concentration limits for their production. Twenty ejaculates from four crossbred mature PIC boars were collected to produce 50 mL semen doses in a split sample, reaching the following sperm concentrations: ~20, 30, 60, and 100 × 10 cells/mL. Doses were produced using Androstar Plus, stored at 17°C, and evaluated until 120 h of storage. There was a linear decrease in sperm motility as the sperm concentration increased (p linear < .01). The concentration which no longer affected the total and progressive motility was 59 and 55 × 10 cells/mL, respectively (corresponding to 71% and 62%, respectively). The pH linearly decreased as the sperm concentration increased (p < .01); yet, at 72 and 120 h, the parameter dramatically reduced in boar semen doses with 60 and 100 × 10 cells/mL. The percentage of cells with intact plasma and acrosomal membranes or with high mitochondrial membrane potential was not influenced by the sperm concentration (p ≥ .15). In conclusion, sperm motility was negatively affected in highly (60 and 100 × 10 cells/mL) concentrated doses. To achieve suitable sperm motility, boar semen doses may not surpass the sperm concentration of 55 × 10 cells/mL. The effect of low-concentrated boar semen doses on sperm quality still needs to be better evaluated, mainly considering the influence of extender type and thermo-resistance conditions.
Topics: Swine; Male; Animals; Semen; Semen Analysis; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Semen Preservation; Insemination; Insemination, Artificial
PubMed: 36964927
DOI: 10.1111/rda.14351 -
Turkish Journal of Chemistry 2022In this study, a water-soluble metal-free phthalocyanine (SPC) containing sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate substituents at the peripheral positions was used to...
In this study, a water-soluble metal-free phthalocyanine (SPC) containing sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate substituents at the peripheral positions was used to investigate the algaecidal properties and oxidative effects on the growth of two microalgal species, and . Although OD at 560 nm and chlorophyll- content were decreased in during 7 days depending on dose and time, increases in both OD at 750 and chlorophyll- content at 8 ppb (parts per billion) concentration on the 7th day were observed in . However, total SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GR (glutathione reductase) enzyme activity of cultures did not display any alteration in all concentrations, SOD activity displayed an increase significantly at 2 ppb concentration, and GR activity showed increases at 1, 2, and 4 ppb concentrations in application. In application, APX (ascorbate peroxidase) activity decreased at 0.50 ppb, 1 ppb, and 1.5 ppb concentrations. In addition, application showed decreases at all concentrations. When MDA content increased at all concentrations, the HO content increased only at significatly 0.125 ppb concentration in cultures. Both MDA (malondialdehyde) and HO (hydrogen peroxide) content of cultures showed a statistically significant decrease at all concentrations compared to control. Free proline decreased at 0.25 ppb, 0.50 ppb, 1 ppb, and 1.5 ppb concentrations in application, and it decreased at all the concentrations of application. It concluded that this compound has inhibition effects on , but it supports growth in . Therefore, this synthesized phthalocyanine compound (SPC) should be consumed carefully, and the contamination to aquatic ecosystems should be prevented.
PubMed: 38143457
DOI: 10.3906/kim-2107-29 -
Toxicology Research Jun 2022The cytogenetic study using hospital effluent was carried out engaging three cytogenetic end points-chromosomal aberration (CA) assay, mitotic indices (MIs), and...
The cytogenetic study using hospital effluent was carried out engaging three cytogenetic end points-chromosomal aberration (CA) assay, mitotic indices (MIs), and micronucleus (MN) Analysis. These bioassays were performed in hematopoietic bone marrow cells of . The experiment commenced with the collection of hospital effluent from the final outlet when wastewater gets collected after undergoing treatment by a multistep process. The pure treated sample water was collected at different times between March 2019 to January 2020 and was given ad libitum to mice at its low (90% dilution) and high (pure form), i.e. 100% concentration for 3 different durations i.e. 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively. The results indicated a significant ( < 0.01) decrease in the MI in all the groups but was more pronounced in the group which was given 100% concentrated sample water collected in the month of March 2019. Besides this, the major finding was presence of CAs like breaks, fragments, rings, and pulverization in bone marrow cells in different groups; however, the frequency of these aberrations varied from group to group. A significant ( < 0.01) increase in MN Induction and decreased ratio ( < 0.01) of polychromatic to normonochromatic erythrocytes were observed in samples collected in month of March both at 10% and 100% concentrations. However, decrease in the ratio was observed in the samples of September and January at low-concentration sample water. The results thus indicated that there was some lacuna in the treatment process earlier in the month of March, which was rectified to some extent in the subsequent months. Hence, the treated wastewater collected in the month of January next year was more suitable for its use than other samples. These findings thus draw attention toward ensuring efficiency of the treatment plant and quality of water by the hospital management before it being disposed off into the municipal supply; a step that can help society to live a healthy life. With these findings, it is conveyed that all the hospitals, diagnostic labs, and other health care establishments must pay utmost attention at liquid waste disposal mechanism to make environment pollution-free.
PubMed: 35782647
DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac033 -
Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2021Our objective was to determine the effects of temperature and protein concentration on viscosity increase and gelation of liquid micellar casein concentrate (MCC) at...
Our objective was to determine the effects of temperature and protein concentration on viscosity increase and gelation of liquid micellar casein concentrate (MCC) at protein concentrations from 6 to 20% during refrigerated storage. Skim milk (∼350 kg) was pasteurized (72°C for 16 s) and filtered through a ceramic microfiltration system to make MCC and replicated 3 times. The liquid MCC was immediately concentrated via a plate ultrafiltration system to 18% protein (wt/wt). The MCC was then diluted to various protein concentrations (6-18%, wt/wt). The highest protein concentrations of MCC formed gels almost immediately on cooling to 4°C, whereas lower concentrations of MCC were viscous liquids. Apparent viscosity (AV) determination using a rotational viscometer, gel strength using a compression test, and protein analysis of supernatants from ultracentrifugation by the Kjeldahl method were performed. The AV data were collected from MCC (6.54, 8.75, 10.66, and 13.21% protein) at 4, 20, and 37°C, and compression force test data were collected for MCC (15.6, 17.9, and 20.3% protein) over a period of 2-wk storage at 4°C. The maximum compressive load was compared at each time point to determine the changes in gel strength over time. Supernatants from MCC of 6.96 and 11.61% protein were collected after ultracentrifugation (100,605 × g for 2 h at 4, 20, and 37°C) and the nitrogen distributions (total, noncasein, casein, and nonprotein nitrogen) were determined. The protein and casein as a percent of true protein concentration in the liquid phase around casein micelles in MCC increased with increasing total MCC protein concentration and with decreasing temperature. Casein as a percent of true protein at 4°C in the liquid phase around casein micelles increased from about 16% for skim milk to about 78% for an MCC containing 11.6% protein. This increase was larger than expected, and this may promote increased viscosity. The AV of MCC solutions in the range of 6 to 13% casein increased with increasing casein concentration and decreasing temperature. We observed a temperature by protein concentration interaction, with AV increasing more rapidly with decreasing temperature at high protein concentration. The increase in AV with decreasing temperature may be due to the increase in protein concentration in the aqueous phase around the casein micelles. The MCC containing about 16 and 18% casein gelled upon cooling to form a gel that was likely a particle jamming gel. These gels increased in strength over 10 d of storage at 4°C, likely due either to the migration of casein (CN) out of the micelles and interaction of the nonmicellar CN to form a network that further strengthened the random loose jamming gel structure or to a gradual increase in voluminosity of the casein micelles during storage at 4°C.
Topics: Animals; Caseins; Gels; Micelles; Milk; Viscosity
PubMed: 34531054
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20658