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The FEBS Journal Nov 2022As a type of lytic cell death driven by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane damage, ferroptosis occurs and develops because of sophisticated... (Review)
Review
As a type of lytic cell death driven by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane damage, ferroptosis occurs and develops because of sophisticated signals and regulatory mechanisms. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) used to initiate ferroptosis come from a variety of sources, including iron-mediated Fenton reactions, mitochondrial ROS, and membrane-associated ROS driven by the NOX protein family. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids are the main substrates of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis, which is positively regulated by enzymes, such as ACSL4, LPCAT3, ALOXs, or POR. Selective activation of autophagic degradation pathways promotes ferroptosis by increasing iron accumulation to cause lipid peroxidation. In contrast, system xc -glutathione-GPX4 axis plays a central role in limiting lipid peroxidation, although other antioxidants (such as coenzyme Q10 and tetrahydrobiopterin) can also inhibit ferroptosis. A main nuclear mechanism of cell defense against ferroptosis is the activation of the NFE2L2-dependent antioxidant response by transcriptionally upregulating the expression of antioxidants or cytoprotective genes. Additionally, the membrane damage caused by ferroptotic stimulus can be repaired by ESCRT-III-dependent membrane scission machinery. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the signaling pathways and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis.
Topics: Ferroptosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Antioxidants; Signal Transduction; Iron; Defense Mechanisms
PubMed: 34092035
DOI: 10.1111/febs.16059 -
PeerJ 2022The COVID-19 pandemic has had a wide range of negative physical and mental impacts. This review begins with a theoretical explanation of the psychological defense... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a wide range of negative physical and mental impacts. This review begins with a theoretical explanation of the psychological defense mechanisms used to deal with the pandemic. It then discusses different categories of defense mechanisms and their roles in managing the impacts of psychological distress. The aim of this review is to highlight the various psychological defense mechanisms individuals use to deal with the pandemic and to discuss how adjustment mechanisms can protect individuals from internal and external threats by shielding the integrity of the ego (the mind) and helping individuals maintain their self-schema.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Pandemics; Psychological Distress; Defense Mechanisms
PubMed: 35186458
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12811 -
Psychiatria Danubina Oct 2023Gender dysphoria (GD) describes individuals for whom the native sex and expressed gender are not coincident and most of them self-identify as transgender women or men.... (Review)
Review
Gender dysphoria (GD) describes individuals for whom the native sex and expressed gender are not coincident and most of them self-identify as transgender women or men. It has been shown that genetic factors play an important role in GD and the presence of specific genetic variants in candidate genes could be correlated. On the other hand, twins studies have estimated its heritability. In this review, we collect and report the available data obtained by different molecular genetic studies.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Gender Dysphoria; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; DNA
PubMed: 37800223
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Jun 2022Transgender healthcare faces a dilemma. On the one hand, access to certain medical interventions, including hormone treatments or surgeries, where desired, may be...
Transgender healthcare faces a dilemma. On the one hand, access to certain medical interventions, including hormone treatments or surgeries, where desired, may be beneficial or even vital for some gender dysphoric trans people. But on the other hand, access to medical interventions typically requires a diagnosis, which, in turn, seems to imply the existence of a pathological state-something that many transgender people reject as a false and stigmatizing characterization of their experience or identity. In this paper we argue that developments from the human enhancement debate can help clarify or resolve some of the conceptual and ethical entanglements arising from the apparent conflict between seeking medicine while not necessarily suffering from a pathology or disorder. Specifically, we focus on the welfarist account of human enhancement and argue it can provide a useful conceptual framework for thinking about some of the more contentious disagreements about access to transgender healthcare services.
Topics: Gender Identity; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 35129785
DOI: 10.1007/s11673-021-10163-7 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2023Candida auris is a pathogen of growing public health concern given its rapid spread across the globe, its propensity for long-term skin colonization and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Candida auris is a pathogen of growing public health concern given its rapid spread across the globe, its propensity for long-term skin colonization and healthcare-related outbreaks, its resistance to a variety of antifungal medications, and the high morbidity and mortality associated with invasive disease. Despite that, the host immune response mechanisms that operate during C. auris skin colonization and invasive infection remains poorly understood.
AREAS COVERED
In this manuscript, we review the available literature in the growing research field pertaining to C. auris host defenses and we discuss what is known about the ability of C. auris to thrive on mammalian skin, the role of lymphoid cell-mediated, IL-17-dependent defenses in controlling cutaneous colonization, and the contribution of myeloid phagocytes in curtailing systemic infection.
EXPERT OPINION
Understanding the mechanisms by which the host immune system responds to and controls colonization and infection with C. auris and developing a deeper knowledge of tissue-specific host-C. auris interactions and of C. auris immune-evading mechanisms may help devise improved strategies for decolonization, prognostication, prevention, vaccination, and/or directed antifungal treatment in vulnerable patient populations.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Candida; Candidiasis; Candida auris; Antifungal Agents; Defense Mechanisms; Mammals
PubMed: 37753840
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2264500 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal...
Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation in the context of social media remains under explored, particularly for boys. As such, we aimed to explore how social media use (Instagram and Snapchat) was related to body dissatisfaction, and whether thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation would moderate this relationship in a sample of 1153 adolescent boys and girls (55.42% males; = 13.71, = 1.14). As hypothesised, social media use, and thin- and muscular ideal internalisation were positively correlated with body dissatisfaction in both genders. In moderation analyses, thin-ideal internalisation emerged as the only variable that had a significant effect on body dissatisfaction in both genders. Additionally, the influence of social media use on body dissatisfaction was moderated by muscular-ideal internalisation in boys, whereby for boys with high muscular-ideal internalisation, greater social media use was associated with greater body dissatisfaction. The two-way (muscular x thin-ideal internalisation) and three-way interaction (social media use x thin-ideal internalisation x muscular-ideal internalisation) effects on body dissatisfaction were non-significant. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the sociocultural environment (i.e., new media influences) as frameworks for understanding body dissatisfaction and suggest targeting of internalisation of appearance ideals in body dissatisfaction prevention programs.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Dissatisfaction; Body Image; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Male; Personal Satisfaction; Social Media
PubMed: 34948830
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413222 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Mar 2021
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 33685095
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0137 -
Psychoanalytic Review Dec 2019Daydreams and night dreams are similar in that both share the wish fulfillment aspect of dreaming. Even though the difference between day and night dreams is... (Review)
Review
Daydreams and night dreams are similar in that both share the wish fulfillment aspect of dreaming. Even though the difference between day and night dreams is obvious-daydreams happen when a person is awake (conscious) and night dreams happen when a person is asleep (unconscious)-the boundary between day and night dreams becomes blurred when the ego has been severely compromised. The focus of this paper is on the analysis of daydreaming and its relationship to the ego. As in the analysis of nocturnal dreams, analysis of daydreams provides another opportunity for discovery of repressed material. Analysis of daydream material also provides an opportunity to assess the development of a patient's ego. When development of the ego has been severely compromised, daydreaming may become a mechanism of defense. A literature review is presented, followed by discussion of daydreaming and the ego. Case examples illustrate major points in the discussion.
Topics: Dreams; Ego; Fantasy; Humans; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy
PubMed: 31877076
DOI: 10.1521/prev.2019.106.6.559 -
American Journal of Surgery Jul 2020Unsustainable surgeon burnout rates and moral imperatives for performance improvement suggest an urgent need to understand and apply rationales and methods for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Unsustainable surgeon burnout rates and moral imperatives for performance improvement suggest an urgent need to understand and apply rationales and methods for cultivating grit and optimism in surgery.
DATA SOURCES
Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed articles.
CONCLUSIONS
Passivity in response to negative events is the default human response, but the presence of control activates the prefrontal cortex-the brain region controlling executive function-promoting effort toward solutions. Challenges, failures, and traumatic events perceived as inescapable, permanent, pervasive, and irreparable lead to debility and attrition; grit and optimism shift the human response toward growth, strength, and improved performance. Methods for realizing these advantages include maintaining positivity, pursuing major challenges that match personal skills, engaging in deliberate practice to improve skills, persisting in hard work, and pursuing higher meaning and purpose in work and life. Grit and optimism are difficult to teach; selecting gritty, optimistic surgical residency applicants may also be effective.
Topics: Burnout, Professional; Defense Mechanisms; Humans; Internship and Residency; Optimism; Resilience, Psychological
PubMed: 32098653
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.01.057 -
Behavior Therapy Mar 2020Pediatric irritability is a functionally impairing transdiagnostic symptom underlying a substantial proportion of child mental health referrals. The past 20 years have...
Pediatric irritability is a functionally impairing transdiagnostic symptom underlying a substantial proportion of child mental health referrals. The past 20 years have witnessed a striking uptick in empirical work focused on pediatric irritability, with increasing recognition of its role across multiple internalizing and externalizing disorders. That said, it has only been in recent years that research has begun to make advances in understanding the natural course and neurobiological underpinnings of irritability across development; research directly informing effective clinical management of pediatric irritability has been limited. At this critical stage in the study of pediatric irritability, this special series brings together the latest work from leading experts across three interrelated domains: (a) progress in understanding the phenomenology and course of pediatric irritability; (b) advances in the assessment of pediatric irritability; and (c) innovations in the treatment of pediatric irritability. The papers in this special series collectively offer critical steps forward for better understanding pediatric irritability and improving proper assessment, classification, and clinical management.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Irritable Mood; Male; Mood Disorders; Pediatrics; Psychological Tests
PubMed: 32138932
DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.010