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Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS Apr 2022Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common cardiac emergencies with high morbidity and is a leading cause of death worldwide. Since MI could develop into a... (Review)
Review
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common cardiac emergencies with high morbidity and is a leading cause of death worldwide. Since MI could develop into a life-threatening emergency and could also seriously affect the life quality of patients, continuous efforts have been made to create an effective strategy to prevent the occurrence of MI and reduce MI-related mortality. Numerous studies have confirmed that neutrophils play important roles in inflammation and innate immunity, which provide the first line of defense against microorganisms by producing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, releasing reactive oxygen species, and degranulating components of neutrophil cytoplasmic granules to kill pathogens. Recently, researchers reported that neutrophils are closely related to the severity and prognosis of patients with MI, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in post-MI patients had predictive value for major adverse cardiac events. Neutrophils have been increasingly recognized to exert important functions in MI. Especially, granule proteins released by neutrophil degranulation after neutrophil activation have been suggested to involve in the process of MI. This article reviewed the current research progress of neutrophil granules in MI and discusses neutrophil degranulation associated diagnosis and treatment strategies. Video abstract Neutrophils played a crucial role throughout the process of MI, and neutrophil degranulation was the crucial step for the regulative function of neutrophils. Both neutrophils infiltrating and neutrophil degranulation take part in the injury and repair process immediately after the onset of MI. Since different granule subsets (e g. MPO, NE, NGAL, MMP-8, MMP-9, cathelicidin, arginase and azurocidin) released from neutrophil degranulation show different effects through diverse mechanisms in MI. In this review, we reviewed the current research progress of neutrophil granules in MI and discusses neutrophil degranulation associated diagnosis and treatment strategies. Myeloperoxidase (MPO); Neutrophil elastase (NE); Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL); Matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8); Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).
Topics: Humans; Lipocalin-2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Myocardial Infarction; Neutrophil Activation
PubMed: 35410418
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00824-4 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Eosinophils are specialized white blood cells, which are involved in the pathology of diverse allergic and nonallergic inflammatory diseases. Eosinophils are... (Review)
Review
Eosinophils are specialized white blood cells, which are involved in the pathology of diverse allergic and nonallergic inflammatory diseases. Eosinophils are traditionally known as cytotoxic effector cells but have been suggested to additionally play a role in immunomodulation and maintenance of homeostasis. The exact role of these granule-containing leukocytes in health and diseases is still a matter of debate. Degranulation is one of the key effector functions of eosinophils in response to diverse stimuli. The different degranulation patterns occurring in eosinophils (piecemeal degranulation, exocytosis and cytolysis) have been extensively studied in the last few years. However, the exact mechanism of the diverse degranulation types remains unknown and is still under investigation. In this review, we focus on recent findings and highlight the diversity of stimulation and methods used to evaluate eosinophil degranulation.
Topics: Cell Degranulation; Eosinophils; Extracellular Traps; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 34209362
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137091 -
Histochemistry and Cell Biology Oct 2019During degranulation, mast cells secrete a specific set of mediators defined as "secretome" including the preformed mediators that have already been synthesized by a... (Review)
Review
During degranulation, mast cells secrete a specific set of mediators defined as "secretome" including the preformed mediators that have already been synthesized by a cell and contained in the cytoplasmic granules. This group includes serine proteases, in particular, chymase and tryptase. Biological significance of chymase depends on the mechanisms of degranulation and is characterized by selective effects on the cellular and non-cellular components of the specific tissue microenvironment. Chymase is known to be closely involved in the mechanisms of inflammation and allergy, angiogenesis, and oncogenesis, remodeling of the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue and changes in organ histoarchitectonics. Number of chymase-positive mast cells in the intra-organ population, and the mechanisms of biogenesis and secretome degranulation appear to be the informative criteria for interpreting the state of the internal organs, characterizing not only the diagnostic efficacy but also the properties of targets of pharmacotherapy. In this review, we discussed the current state of knowledge about mast cell chymase as one of the mast cell secretome proteases. Main issues of the reviewed publications are highlighted with our microscopic images of mast cell chymase visualized using immunohistochemical staining.
Topics: Animals; Chymases; Cytoplasmic Granules; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Mast Cells
PubMed: 31392409
DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01803-6 -
Cells May 2023Mast cells act as key effector cells of inflammatory responses through degranulation. Mast cell degranulation is induced by the activation of cell surface receptors,... (Review)
Review
Mast cells act as key effector cells of inflammatory responses through degranulation. Mast cell degranulation is induced by the activation of cell surface receptors, such as FcεRI, MRGPRX2/B2, and P2RX7. Each receptor, except FcεRI, varies in its expression pattern depending on the tissue, which contributes to their differing involvement in inflammatory responses depending on the site of occurrence. Focusing on the mechanism of allergic inflammatory responses by mast cells, this review will describe newly identified mast cell receptors in terms of their involvement in degranulation induction and patterns of tissue-specific expression. In addition, new drugs targeting mast cell degranulation for the treatment of allergy-related diseases will be introduced.
Topics: Humans; Mast Cells; Receptors, IgE; Hypersensitivity; Drug Development; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Receptors, Neuropeptide; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
PubMed: 37296626
DOI: 10.3390/cells12111506 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2021The application of high and super-resolution microscopy techniques has extended the possibilities of studying actin dynamics in mast cells (MCs). These studies... (Review)
Review
The application of high and super-resolution microscopy techniques has extended the possibilities of studying actin dynamics in mast cells (MCs). These studies demonstrated the close correlation between actin-driven changes in cell morphology and the functions that MC perform during their life cycle. Dynamic conversions between actin polymerization and depolymerization support MC degranulation and leading to the release of the preformed, secretory granule (SG)-contained, inflammatory mediators. Cell flattening inflicting an actin porous geometry and clearing of cortical actin, characterize the secretory actin phenotype. In contrast, pericentral actin clusters, that entrap the SGs, characterize the migratory actin phenotype, which supports MC migration, but restricts MC degranulation. Multiple actin binding and actin interacting proteins regulate these actin rearrangements, in compliance with the signals elicited by the respective activating receptors. Here, we review recent findings on the interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and MC migration and degranulation.
Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Degranulation; Cell Movement; Humans; Immunomodulation; Mast Cells; Protein Binding; Protein Multimerization; Secretory Vesicles
PubMed: 33765561
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.002 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2021Antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases (AAID) involve several isotypes of autoreactive antibodies. In a growing number of AAID, autoreactive IgE are present with a... (Review)
Review
Antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases (AAID) involve several isotypes of autoreactive antibodies. In a growing number of AAID, autoreactive IgE are present with a significant prevalence and are often associated with the presence of IgG anti-IgE and/or anti-FcεRIα (high affinity IgE receptor α chain). FcεRI-bearing cells, such as basophils or mast cells, are key players in some of these AAID. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of these diseases led to the passed or current development of anti-IgE strategies that showed very potent effects in some of them. The present review centralizes the information on the relevance of autoreactive IgE and FcεRI-bearing cells in the pathophysiology of different AAID and the ones where the anti-IgE therapeutic strategy shows or may show some benefits for the patients.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity; Basophils; Biomarkers; Cell Degranulation; Dendritic Cells; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Mast Cells; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Organ Specificity; Protein Binding; Receptors, IgE
PubMed: 33819742
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.003 -
Cells Apr 2023Mast cells (MCs) are the immune cells distributed throughout nearly all tissues, mainly in the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, nerves, lungs, and the... (Review)
Review
Mast cells (MCs) are the immune cells distributed throughout nearly all tissues, mainly in the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, nerves, lungs, and the intestines. Although MCs are essential to the healthy immune response, their overactivity and pathological states can lead to numerous health hazards. The side effect of mast cell activity is usually caused by degranulation. It can be triggered by immunological factors, such as immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, or antigen-antibody complexes, and non-immune factors, such as radiation and pathogens. An intensive reaction of mast cells can even lead to anaphylaxis, one of the most life-threatening allergic reactions. What is more, mast cells play a role in the tumor microenvironment by modulating various events of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. The mechanisms of the mast cell actions are still poorly understood, making it difficult to develop therapies for their pathological condition. This review focuses on the possible therapies targeting mast cell degranulation, anaphylaxis, and MC-derived tumors.
Topics: Humans; Anaphylaxis; Mast Cells; Cell Degranulation; Skin
PubMed: 37190096
DOI: 10.3390/cells12081187 -
Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical... 2022The discovery of new drugs has benefited significantly from the development of research in venomics, increasing our understanding of the envenomation processes. It has... (Review)
Review
The discovery of new drugs has benefited significantly from the development of research in venomics, increasing our understanding of the envenomation processes. It has been previously reported that honeybee venom (HBV) exhibits several pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, and anticancer activity and may inclusively act as a complementary treatment for SARS-CoV-2. It composition consists mainly on melittin, phospholipase A2, and apamin but other constituents such as hyaluronidase, mast cell degranulating peptide and secapin are also relevant for its bioactivity. However, and because HBV is not officially recognized as a drug, until now, the international community did not establish quality standards for it. To uncover its exact composition, and boost the discovery of HBV-derived drugs, a significant number of techniques were developed. In this review, a relevant overview of the so far published analytical methods for HBV characterization is organized with the aim to accelerate its future standardization. The literature search was performed within PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct by selecting specific documents and exploring HBV evaluation.
PubMed: 35935688
DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_166_21 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 20232--Alkyl-l-ascorbic acids and 3--alkyl-l-ascorbic acids were synthesized, and their degranulation inhibitory activities were evaluated. Among ascorbic acid derivatives...
2--Alkyl-l-ascorbic acids and 3--alkyl-l-ascorbic acids were synthesized, and their degranulation inhibitory activities were evaluated. Among ascorbic acid derivatives with butyl, octyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl groups introduced at the C-2 or C-3 positions, an AA derivative with a dodecyl group introduced at the C-3 position, 3--dodecyl-l-ascorbic acid (compound ), showed the strongest inhibitory activity against antigen-stimulated degranulation. Compound also inhibited calcium ionophore-stimulated degranulation. Compound , in which the hydroxyl group at the C-6 position of compound was substituted with an amino group, and compound , in which the dodecyloxy group at the C-3 position of compound was exchanged with a dodecylamino group, were synthesized, and these derivatives showed weaker inhibitory activity against antigen-stimulated degranulation than that of compound . In addition, orally administered compound inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in mice with a potency equal to that of oxatomide, an antiallergic agent. These results suggest that compound may be a candidate for antiallergic treatment.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Anti-Allergic Agents; Ascorbic Acid
PubMed: 38202652
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010069