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Consciousness and Cognition Aug 2020Approximation involves representing things in ways that might be close to the truth but are nevertheless false. Given the widespread reliance on approximations in...
Approximation involves representing things in ways that might be close to the truth but are nevertheless false. Given the widespread reliance on approximations in science and everyday life, here we ask whether it is conceptually possible for false approximations to qualify as knowledge. According to the factivity account, it is impossible to know false approximations, because knowledge requires truth. According to the representational adequacy account, it is possible to know false approximations, if they are close enough to the truth for present purposes. In this paper, we adopt an experimental methodology to begin testing these two theories. When an agent provides a false and practically inadequate answer, both theories predict that people will deny knowledge. But the theories disagree about an agent who provides a false but practically adequate answer: the factivity hypothesis again predicts knowledge denial, whereas the representational adequacy hypothesis predicts knowledge attribution. Across two experiments, our principal finding was that people tended to attribute knowledge for false but practically adequate answers, which supports the representational adequacy account. We propose an interpretation of existing findings that preserves a conceptual link between knowledge and truth. According to this proposal, truth is not necessary for knowledge, but it is a feature of prototypical knowledge.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Judgment; Male; Middle Aged; Psychological Theory; Theory of Mind; Young Adult
PubMed: 32474214
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102950 -
Psychology in Russia : State of the Art 2023The COVID-19 pandemic is a multifaceted stressor. Its impact suggests long-term psychological effects. Self-determination promotes flexibility of goals and actions and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The COVID-19 pandemic is a multifaceted stressor. Its impact suggests long-term psychological effects. Self-determination promotes flexibility of goals and actions and helps to overcome the difficulties caused by stress.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic presented in Russian scientific studies (RQ1), and their relationship with self-determination (RQ2).
DESIGN
Relevant studies (2020-2022) were selected from the Russian citation index (RSCI) database. Strict selection criteria were used. Twenty-four articles were selected for the final review. For dynamic analysis, four stages of the pandemic were identified.
RESULTS
Prevailing coping strategies have changed over time. At the beginning of the pandemic, respondents used familiar coping mechanisms. Six months later, active coping strategies were more often used, but deprivation and avoidance strategies increased. A year later, there was an increase in denial and avoidance strategies. Using non-constructive coping strategies may indicate that, due to the long course of the pandemic, meeting basic psychological needs became increasingly frustrated, leading to helplessness, alienation, and lack of control. Later dynamics reflect the growth of effective coping strategies and confirm that when basic needs are blocked for a long time, people seek alternative ways to satisfy them.
CONCLUSION
The dynamics of coping strategies during the pandemic reflected their close relationship with basic psychological needs, as described in the theory of self-determination. The results confirmed the importance of self-determination as a dispositional variable in predicting coping mechanisms.
PubMed: 37818342
DOI: 10.11621/pir.2023.0201 -
Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013) Jun 2020To determine the health and socioeconomic consequences of comprehensive abortion denial in Rhode Island.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the health and socioeconomic consequences of comprehensive abortion denial in Rhode Island.
METHODS
Using Turnaway Study findings and RI abortion data from 2013-2016, we project the burden of negative outcomes for women and their families under 100% abortion denial conditions.
RESULTS
Findings suggest negative impacts on the health and socioeconomic well-being of RI women and their families. 982 and 910 women, who would have otherwise received an abortion, will report anxiety and depression, respectively, at one-week post abortion denial, and 1,499 will report receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families funding at six months post denial.
CONCLUSIONS
If women who would seek a safe and legal abortion in RI are denied one, clear and undue burden will exist for those who carry to term and raise the child, as well as affecting existing children.
Topics: Abortion Applicants; Abortion, Induced; Abortion, Legal; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety; Depression; Female; Health Impact Assessment; Humans; Poverty; Pregnancy; Rhode Island; State Government; Young Adult
PubMed: 32481788
DOI: No ID Found -
Behavioral Sciences & the Law May 2022Victims of abuse might deny their traumatic experiences. We studied mnemonic effects of simulating false denial of a child sexual abuse narrative. Participants...
Victims of abuse might deny their traumatic experiences. We studied mnemonic effects of simulating false denial of a child sexual abuse narrative. Participants (N = 127) read and empathized with the main character of this narrative. Next, half were instructed to falsely deny abuse-related information while others responded honestly in an interview. One week later, participants received misinformation for the narrative and interview. In a final source memory task, participants' memory for the narrative and interview was tested. Participants who falsely denied abuse-related information endorsed more abuse-unrelated misinformation about the event than honest participants. Abuse-related false memory rates did not statistically differ between the groups, and false denials were not related to omission errors about (1) the interview and (2) narrative. Hence, victim's memory for abuse-related information related to their experience might not be affected by a false denial, and inconsistencies surrounding the abuse-unrelated information are more likely to take place.
Topics: Child; Child Abuse, Sexual; Communication; Humans; Memory; Mental Recall; Narration
PubMed: 35194828
DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2566 -
Psychiatry 2022The COVID-19 coronavirus has caused 5.4 million deaths worldwide, including over 800,000 deaths in the United States (as of December 2021). In addition to these... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 coronavirus has caused 5.4 million deaths worldwide, including over 800,000 deaths in the United States (as of December 2021). In addition to these staggering statistics, an even greater number of individuals have died from other causes during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, a large portion of the global population has faced bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting quarantine. The often rapid and unexpected nature of COVID-19 deaths and the presence of pandemic-related stressors and living restrictions make it more difficult for individuals bereaved during the pandemic to implement effective strategies for coping with the loss compared to non-pandemic periods. Quarantine-related constraints (e.g., social distancing, availability of and access to resources) impede coping strategies that have been found to be adaptive after a loss, such as supportive (e.g., seeking emotional and instrumental support) and active (e.g., problem-focused and cognitive reframing) coping, and they augment avoidant strategies (e.g., substance use, denial, and isolation) that have been found to be maladaptive. Poorer mental health outcomes (including prolonged grief disorder; PGD) have been associated with less healthy coping. This article reviews research findings regarding bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic, discusses the effects of pandemic-related stressors on bereavement coping strategies, and proposes how different types of coping during the pandemic may account for the poorer mental health outcomes described in recent reports. Interventions for promoting adaptive coping strategies and minimizing maladaptive coping strategies are also outlined.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Pandemics; Mental Health; Bereavement; Adaptation, Psychological
PubMed: 35404761
DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2022.2051141 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jul 2023Emotional reactivity predicts poor health and psychopathology. Despite its theoretical importance, little research has tested whether coping predicts emotional...
BACKGROUND
Emotional reactivity predicts poor health and psychopathology. Despite its theoretical importance, little research has tested whether coping predicts emotional reactivity to stressors. We analyse three studies to test this hypothesis for negative (NA) and positive affect (PA) reactivity to daily stressors.
METHODS
422 Participants (72.5 % females, M = 22.79 ± 5.36) came from three longitudinal, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies across 7-15 days (ACES N = 190; DESTRESS N = 134; SHS N = 98). Coping was measured at baseline. NA, PA, and daily stressors were assessed via EMA. Mixed effects linear models tested whether coping predicted NA and PA reactivity, defined as their slope on within- and between-person daily stressors.
RESULTS
Behavioural disengagement and mental disengagement coping predicted greater within-person NA reactivity across all studies (all p < .01, all f = 0.01). Denial coping predicted greater within-person NA reactivity in ACES and DESTRESS (both p < .01, f from 0.02-0.03) and between-person in ACES and SHS (both p < .01, f from 0.02 to 0.03). For approach-oriented coping, only active planning coping predicted lower within-person NA reactivity and only in DESTRESS (p < .01, f = 0.02). Coping did not predict PA reactivity (all p > .05).
LIMITATIONS
Our findings cannot be generalised to children or older adults. Emotional reactivity to daily stressors may differ from severe or traumatic stressors. Although data were longitudinal, the observational design precludes establishing causality.
CONCLUSIONS
Avoidance-oriented coping strategies predicted greater NA reactivity to daily stressors with small effect sizes. Few and inconsistent results emerged for approach-oriented coping and PA reactivity. Clinically, our results suggest that reducing reliance on avoidance-oriented coping may reduce NA reactivity to daily stressors.
Topics: Female; Child; Humans; Aged; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Male; Ecological Momentary Assessment; Adaptation, Psychological; Affect; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 37019388
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.090 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jan 2021Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread across the globe, but patient experiences are rarely documented.
BACKGROUND
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread across the globe, but patient experiences are rarely documented.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the psychology of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization.
METHODS
A phenomenological and robust sampling approach was employed. Sixteen patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology with COVID-19 from 20th January to 1st March 2020 were selected. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, phone calls, or face-to-face interviews using quarantine measures. Data were analyzed using the Colaizzi method.
RESULTS
The psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization could be summarized into five themes. Firstly, attitudes toward the disease included fear, denial, and stigma during the early stages, which gradually developed into acceptance in the later stages. Secondly, the major source of stress included the viral nature of the disease, quarantine measures, and concerns regarding the health of family members. Thirdly, reactions of body and mind included disease stage-dependent emotional responses, excessive attention to symptoms, rumination, and changes in diet, sleep, and behavior. Fourthly, supportive factors included psychological adjustments, medical care, and family and social support. Finally, the disease resulted in psychological growth and patients viewed problems with gratitude through the cherishing of life, family, bravery, and tenacity.
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 patients gradually changed their attitude toward the disease and displayed emotional responses dependent on the stage of the disease. Negative emotions dominated during the early stages but gradually gave way to mixed positive and negative emotions. Active guidance of psychological growth may therefore promote physical and mental recovery in COVID-19 patients.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; COVID-19; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Middle Aged; Pandemics; Qualitative Research; Young Adult
PubMed: 32949869
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.040 -
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology... Oct 2022Increasingly, in the United States, the prescribing of high-cost drugs has become a challenge for physicians and other practitioners. Such drugs are highly regulated by... (Review)
Review
Increasingly, in the United States, the prescribing of high-cost drugs has become a challenge for physicians and other practitioners. Such drugs are highly regulated by third-party payers (aka insurance), as well as pharmacy benefit managers. Not infrequently, a clinician prescribing a medication will have the payment for the prescription denied by the third-party payer, with the end result being a delay in getting a medically necessary medication to a patient. This article highlights the challenges involved in the prior authorization and denial process, with a focus on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. The article reviews the role of pharmacy benefits managers in restricting access to drugs, and the reasons why denials of medically necessary medications may occur. The article also provides information on how to appeal denials, how to write a letters of medical necessity, and how to conduct a proper peer-to-peer review. Advocacy from patients and clinicians will be important, as we want to reform the process in the future.
Topics: Child; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; United States
PubMed: 35836325
DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003564 -
Archives of Public Health = Archives... Jan 2022Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in late 2019, with the first case identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. In order to perceive...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in late 2019, with the first case identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. In order to perceive the comprehensive impact of this pandemic, we have to know that misinformation and denials about COVID-19 have surely exacerbated its diffusion and hindered the response against it. Turkmenistan remains one of the very few countries in the world that lacks reports about emerging cases of the novel coronavirus. Turkmen authorities claim that they have adopted all attainable measures required in order to combat the virus, asserting that COVID-19 has yet to reach their country. Despite the government's reported absence of COVID-19 in the country, rumors, media reports and independent sources suggest the spread of the pandemic in Turkmenistan. By mid-June 2020, the outbreak was referred to as being serious with patients suffering extreme health risks, and following its state of disrepair and unethical practices, many of those anticipated to be COVID-19 infected tend to suffer at home, discouraging any interaction with the healthcare system. The civil society in Turkmenistan, for the time being, takes full part of the government's duty in the process of informing and educating the public regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, and endeavors to keep the government and WHO accountable for behaving in such repressive ways that could lead to rather preventable loss of human life in Turkmenistan. Yet, efforts hang fire before unveiling the real situation, and Turkmenistan's government owning up to the negations and roaming speculations, not only regarding the coronavirus crisis, but every public-related issue itself.
PubMed: 34983658
DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00779-x -
BMC Palliative Care Nov 2022Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a cancer death is a major risk factor for pathological bereavement. This systematic review of the literature...
BACKGROUND
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a cancer death is a major risk factor for pathological bereavement. This systematic review of the literature aimed to identify biopsychosocial and existential determinants specific to the palliative phase of cancer that influence the grieving experience of the caregiving relative.
METHOD
A systematic review of the literature was conducted without language or time restrictions. The Cairn, Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsycArticle, PsychInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection databases were explored. All studies assessing pre- and post-death measures and focusing on friends and relatives caring for adults with cancer in palliative care services were included in the review.
RESULTS
Out of 645 articles identified, 18 full text studies were finally included in our systematic review of the literature. Many factors specific to the cancer palliative phase were identified as influencing the bereavement experience of caregivers, with factors relating to: 1) the caregiver (e.g. social support, psychological burden, preparation for loss, action and discussion related to death); 2) the patient (e.g. denial or acceptance); 3) the interactions between patient and their caregivers (e.g. tensions, communication difficulties, and presence at the time of death); and 4) the end-of-life context. The caregiver's grief experience can be described by the following terms: typical and pathological grief, anxiety, depression, guilt, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth, and life satisfaction.
CONCLUSIONS
Many contextual, sociodemographic, dispositional and transactional factors specific to the palliative cancer phase are involved in the caregiver's grieving experience. Avenues for reflection and recommendations are proposed including supporting communication and patient-relative relationships, evaluating the nature and degree of functionality of coping strategies, strengthening the robustness of methodologies, considering impact of COVID-19, and new lines of enquiry for research.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Palliative Care; COVID-19; Bereavement; Grief; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36451118
DOI: 10.1186/s12904-022-01096-y