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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2021The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for...
The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for sampling compared to other parts of the body; however, caution should be taken during oral sampling as many factors contribute to the microbial diversity in a site-dependent manner. The accessibility of the oral cavity and its microbial diversity emphasize the crucial need to avoid cross-contamination during the sampling procedure. In this chapter, we describe various detailed oral sampling procedures. These methods include supragingival dental plaque sampling, subgingival dental plaque sampling, oral mucosal sampling, and endodontic sampling methods for extracted teeth or in the patient's mouth. The proposed protocols provide tips to avoid contamination between different oral sources of bacteria and possible alternatives to the tools used.
Topics: Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34410637
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1518-8_2 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2020Sugar is added to food for a multitude of functions: fermentation, preservation, physical and chemical, and also to satisfy the consumer's preference for sweetness.... (Review)
Review
Sugar is added to food for a multitude of functions: fermentation, preservation, physical and chemical, and also to satisfy the consumer's preference for sweetness. Unfortunately, sugar consumption is also a main aetiological factor for dental caries. The relationship between sugar and caries was established in the latter half of the 19th century. Many factors influence this relationship: the availability of sugar for bacterial digestion, the presence of acidogenic bacteria in the plaque on teeth, and the ability of fluoride and saliva to counteract bacteria and acids. The importance of the frequency of administering sugars over the amount has been demonstrated in various studies in humans. Through guidelines, world and national health organizations advocate the reduction of sugar consumption to below 10E% (daily dietary energy percentage consumption per capita), but voluntary implementation on an individual basis is difficult for many, and maybe more compulsory strategies that aim to reduce both the amount and frequency of sugar intake are needed.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Diet; Fluorides; Humans; Sugars
PubMed: 31940627
DOI: 10.1159/000455373 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2021The formation of a physiological biofilm cannot be avoided under normal circumstances. However, the consequences of a supragingivally located biofilm, such as caries,... (Review)
Review
The formation of a physiological biofilm cannot be avoided under normal circumstances. However, the consequences of a supragingivally located biofilm, such as caries, gingivitis and, as a further effect, periodontitis, are relatively easy to avoid. The simplest and most common method used worldwide for the elimination of biofilm is periodic mechanical removal using a toothbrush or similar tools, such as chewing sticks or woods. This method was already used in ancient Egypt, and is still being used today, albeit advanced and improved with the help of toothpastes. Here we give a summary of the most common toothbrushes, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the most common toothpastes, their ingredients, and functions. In addition, the ingredients will be critically evaluated and recommendations given for the use or non-use of certain ingredients for different target groups, such as children, healthy adults, or patients with special needs.
Topics: Adult; Biofilms; Child; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes
PubMed: 33427212
DOI: 10.1159/000510201 -
Primary Dental Journal Jan 2020
Drug-influenced gingival enlargement (DIGE) is a reaction to specific medications, namely phenytoin, ciclosporin and calcium channel blockers. DIGE is encountered... (Review)Review
Drug-influenced gingival enlargement (DIGE) is a reaction to specific medications, namely phenytoin, ciclosporin and calcium channel blockers. DIGE is encountered increasingly in clinical practice due to the widespread use of calcium channel blocker drugs particularly. Approaches to its management are discussed in this review.
Methods: Narrative review of the literature and discussion of clinical implications.
Findings: Management of DIGE involves nonsurgical treatment and may require surgical reduction of the overgrown gingival tissues. Management is complicated by the difficulties in achieving adequate plaque control, given the unfavourable contour of the enlarged gingival tissues, and the high frequency of recurrence of DIGE after surgical management. Replacing the drug involved can be very beneficial in selected cases, but the management of the underlying medical condition limits its application. The decision to replace a drug is not the responsibility of the dental practitioner, but the patient's physician may make it after consultation.
Conclusions: Management of DIGE can be challenging and may require close co-operation between the dental practitioner and a hygienist, a periodontist and the patient's physician. Long term supportive maintenance programmes need to be in place for optimal outcomes.Topics: Calcium Channel Blockers; Dental Plaque; Gingival Hyperplasia; Humans
PubMed: 32127092
DOI: 10.1308/205016820828463816 -
Swiss Dental Journal Nov 2019
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 31701731
DOI: 10.61872/sdj-2019-11-03 -
British Dental Journal Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque
PubMed: 38102245
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-6693-9 -
Georgian Medical News Nov 2020Deposits on teeth may differ in color and degree of cariogenicity. Their prevalence rate is up to 18%. The review of relevant literature revealed a lack of... (Review)
Review
Deposits on teeth may differ in color and degree of cariogenicity. Their prevalence rate is up to 18%. The review of relevant literature revealed a lack of classification of stained plaque in children. In this paper the systematization of stained plaque is proposed. The aim of our study was to systematize stained dental plaques. The literature review and two own researches, involving 154 children from 6 to 15 years and 408 children from 6 to 17 years, resulted in the proposed systematization of stained plaques, based on plaque color, its localization, degree of cariogenicity and classes of associated diseases (according to the international classification of diseases, 10th revision - ICD 10). Colored dental plaque was found in 64 children from 6 to 17 years old. It is systematized according to its color (black, brown, green, orange, blue), its localization on the tooth surface, the degree of cariogenicity (high, low) and the class of associated diseases (according to ICD 10). At present, the correlation between stained dental plaque formation and associated diseases, diet characteristics, carious process intensity, and oral microflora has not been sufficiently disclosed, and therefore these issues require further examination.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 33395647
DOI: No ID Found -
Monographs in Oral Science 2021The goal of modern periodontal therapy, both during the initial stages and during maintenance, is to create biologically acceptable tooth surfaces through sub- and... (Review)
Review
The goal of modern periodontal therapy, both during the initial stages and during maintenance, is to create biologically acceptable tooth surfaces through sub- and supragingival cleaning, which enables binding of the connective tissue to the greatest extent possible. In past centuries, the focus of periodontal treatment was on the removal of the supposed cause of periodontal disease, the supra- and supragingival calculus and "infected" root cementum. The findings on the importance of biofilm
1 (plaque) and the endogenous responses to biofilm metabolism have shifted the therapeutic focus to elimination of the biofilm. The importance of avoiding injury to the hard and soft dental tissue is nowadays of upmost importance. For classical scaling and root planing to remove mineralized deposits and "infected" cementum, only hand instruments were available in the past. The regular, long-term use of these tools is associated with changes in the hard and soft tooth tissues, and with pain and sensitivity experienced by the patient during and after treatment. Modern root-surface debridement primarily uses ultrasound systems to remove hard mineralized deposits. For biofilm management, air polishing devices with low-abrasive powders are increasingly gaining acceptance. With this new technology, biofilm management can now be performed much more effectively and efficiently, using materials more sparingly; this also causes less pain and discomfort for patients during and after treatment, and less fatigue for practitioners. The modern systems allow gentle, optimal biofilm management, whereas the traditional hand instruments (curettes, scalers) and classic rotating instruments used for polishing do not. Current knowledge suggests that these instruments are not best suited for biofilm management.Topics: Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Reference Standards; Root Planing
PubMed: 33427229
DOI: 10.1159/000510187 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Feb 2022To review the scientific literature and identify dental plaque control strategies focussed on elderly people that improve plaque indices. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the scientific literature and identify dental plaque control strategies focussed on elderly people that improve plaque indices.
DESIGN
Scoping review (Joanna Briggs protocol).
DATA SOURCES
Individual search strategies developed for six databases. The selection of the manuscripts in two phases: title and abstract review, and complete review.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Studies on interventions for plaque control in elderly people (60y+). Epidemiological studies and those focussed on caregivers, health professionals and periodontal maintenance therapies were excluded.
RESULTS
The initial search yielded 2803 studies, 26 were included. The results were classified into: exclusively chemical (10), educational (9), exclusively mechanical (6), and combined mechanical and chemical (1). The studies reported different types of interventions: sugarless chewing gum, chlorhexidine (CHX) in different preparations and concentrations, mouthwash based on essential oils, stannous/sodium fluoride dentifrice and lactoferrin/lactoperoxidase tablets. Additionally, conventional and alternative toothbrushes and professional brushing were tested. Educational interventions included oral hygiene guidance, verbal information, and demonstrations of dental and denture cleaning procedures, and lifestyle changes. Many studies have reported strategies that improve dental plaque indices but without statistical significance when compared to control groups. Promising results were found with the use of CHX, sugarless chewing gum, professional brushing and educational strategies with demonstration, but the results were not long-lasting.
CONCLUSION
The literature reports that mechanical, chemical and educational strategies have some efficacy in dental plaque control in the elderly population. The results should be viewed with caution, considering the type of intervention (isolated or combined) and the maintenance of the results obtained.
Topics: Aged; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 33829631
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12497 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Dental calculus has long been considered as a vital contributing factor of periodontal diseases. Our review focuses on the role of dental calculus as a repository and... (Review)
Review
Dental calculus has long been considered as a vital contributing factor of periodontal diseases. Our review focuses on the role of dental calculus as a repository and discusses the bioinformation recently reported to be concealed in dental calculus from three perspectives: time-varying oral condition, systemic diseases, and anthropology at various times. Molecular information representing an individual's contemporary oral health status could be detected in dental calculus. Additionally, pathogenic factors of systemic diseases were found in dental calculus, including bacteria, viruses and toxic heavy metals. Thus, dental calculus has been proposed to play a role as biological data storage for detection of molecular markers of latent health concerns. Through the study of environmental debris in dental calculus, an overview of an individual's historical dietary habits and information about the environment, individual behaviors and social culture changes can be unveiled. This review summarizes a new role of dental calculus as a repository of bioinformation, with potential use in the prediction of oral diseases, systemic diseases, and even anthropology.
Topics: Humans; Dental Calculus; Periodontal Diseases; Bacteria; Microbiota
PubMed: 36579339
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1035324