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Monographs in Oral Science 2021Fluoridation of the drinking water is one of the most impactful public health interventions ever done. Dental caries experience importantly decreased in all parts of the... (Review)
Review
Fluoridation of the drinking water is one of the most impactful public health interventions ever done. Dental caries experience importantly decreased in all parts of the world that adopted the intervention. Implementation of fluoridation of the drinking water to populations has always been the focus of criticism, and these discussions often focus on the safety of the intervention. When asked about safety, many people will tend to assume a more cautious position, and the question regarding safety of fluoridation of the drinking water never goes away. Fluoridation of toothpastes also provides the same impact on dental caries experience in populations. It is reasonable to propose that water fluoridation may not be implemented anymore since there is a feasible and effective replacement for it. Finally, this chapter revisits the discussed effects of fluorides on overall health, with particular emphasis on cognition and intelligence.
Topics: Dental Caries; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Humans; Public Health; Toothpastes
PubMed: 35078188
DOI: 10.1159/000520789 -
Bundesgesundheitsblatt,... Jul 2021For a few decades, a decrease in the caries burden in all age groups has been observed in Germany. The regular use of fluoride preparations is described as the main... (Review)
Review
For a few decades, a decrease in the caries burden in all age groups has been observed in Germany. The regular use of fluoride preparations is described as the main reason for the caries decline. It is well established that topical fluoride application directly to the tooth surfaces in the oral cavity, in particular fluoride-containing toothpastes and fluoride varnishes, is responsible for the decline. Several mechanisms of action, such as the formation of a calcium fluoride layer, remineralization, and the effects on bacterial plaque, were determined to be responsible for the overall clinical effect. All these mechanisms can be effective on enamel and root dentin in patients of all ages. There is a dose-response relationship between the fluoride concentration in the applied preparations and the average caries reduction achieved.There are no general toxicological concerns about topical fluoride application. Fluoride toothpastes should be used from the eruption of the first deciduous tooth. The amount of toothpaste used should be limited to the recommended volumes to avoid the development of enamel fluorosis. The professionally performed application of highly concentrated fluoride varnishes, in addition to having a high caries-inhibiting effectiveness, also exhibits advantages in cases of increased caries risk and existing demineralization. This is also the case for the application on root dentin, where significant primary and secondary preventive effects have been demonstrated by application of highly concentrated fluoride preparations.
Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Fluorides; Germany; Humans; Toothpastes
PubMed: 34115151
DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03347-4 -
Dental Materials Journal Oct 2022The relative dentin abrasivity-profilometry equivalent values were compared using non-contact profilometry with three subtypes of regular toothpaste and two subtypes of...
The relative dentin abrasivity-profilometry equivalent values were compared using non-contact profilometry with three subtypes of regular toothpaste and two subtypes of whitening toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Bovine dentin specimens were assigned to six groups: regular toothpaste (R): R1 (BAMBOO SALT GUM OINTMENT); R2 (MEDIAN TARTAR ORIGINAL); R3 (PERIOE Alpha), Reference slurry: RS (calcium pyrophosphate), whitening toothpaste (W): W1 (NET. WT); W2 (Vussen 28 WHITENING). Relative dentin abrasion-profilometry equivalent (RDA-PE) was determined by brushing 10,000 times (n=8). The pH of the toothpaste was measured (n=5) and the abrasive constituents of the toothpaste was analyzed by FE-SEM and EDS. The RDA-PE values ranged from 26 to 166, and the pH level ranges were 4.928-9.153. The RDA-PE value of the whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide was not high compared with that of the regular toothpaste. The RDA-PE values of whitening toothpaste could vary depending on the mechanism and ingredients of the whitening agents.
Topics: Animals; Bleaching Agents; Calcium Pyrophosphate; Cattle; Dentin; Hydrogen; Materials Testing; Ointments; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Abrasion; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes
PubMed: 35793939
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-303 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2022(1) Background: Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) has been reported to have a remineralizing effect on early carious lesions. The objective of this scoping review was to... (Review)
Review
(1) Background: Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) has been reported to have a remineralizing effect on early carious lesions. The objective of this scoping review was to analyze the remineralization potential of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp)-containing dentifrices, by mapping the existing literature. (2) Methods: This review was performed using the PRISMA-ScR Checklist, which is an extension of the PRISMA Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. In this study, the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework was used to find relevant papers published between 2010 and 2021. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and dentifrices containing nHAp as one of the ingredients were the two main concepts of the research question. MeSH phrases, keywords, and other free terms relevant to nano-hydroxyapatite and dentifrices were used to search the literature databases. (3) Results: Preliminary searches yielded 59 studies; the title and abstract screening results excluded 11 studies. The remaining studies were thoroughly reviewed by two reviewers on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 28 studies were included, and 20 studies were excluded. Most of the studies that were included reported that when nHAp was used alone, it had many different effects, such as remineralization, caries prevention, less demineralization, brighter teeth, less pain, and remineralization of enamel after orthodontic debonding. (4) Conclusions: Dentifrices that contain nHAp offer a variety of therapeutic and preventative effects. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the efficacy of nHAp dentifrices in primary teeth. Additional long-term investigations using standardized protocols are required to reach decisive conclusions about the effects of nHAp dentifrices on primary and permanent dentitions.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Durapatite; Fluorides; Humans; Tooth; Tooth Remineralization
PubMed: 35565022
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095629 -
International Journal of Paediatric... May 2021Early childhood caries (ECC) is a global problem, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate systematically the... (Review)
Review
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a global problem, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate systematically the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness of methods for ECC prevention. Six electronic databases were searched. Two independent reviewers selected the publications and analysed the quality of the included systematic reviews. Thirteen studies were included. Overall, eight reviews were classified with methodological quality critically low using the AMSTAR 2, whereas five reviews achieved a high risk of bias using the ROBIS tool. The methods identified that were positively related to the prevention of ECC were as follows: preventive dental programmes for pregnant women; advice on diet and feeding; prenatal oral health care; integration of maternal and children's oral health promotion into nursing practice; maternal oral health programmes undertaken by non-dental health professionals; dental health education in combination with the use of fluoride for children; early preventive dental visits; and the use of fluoride varnish and toothpastes with more than 1000 ppm of fluoride. The currently available evidence supporting the effectiveness of methods for prevention of ECC, although suggesting some methods of greater potential, is still lacking due to the methodological quality of the systematic reviews and the included primary studies.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Oral Health; Pregnancy; Toothpastes
PubMed: 33263186
DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12766 -
European Archives of Paediatric... Dec 2019To update the exisitng European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) 2009 fluoride guidelines. (Review)
Review
AIM
To update the exisitng European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) 2009 fluoride guidelines.
METHODS
Experts met in Athens, Greece duirng November 2018 for the following groups: I Fluoride toothpastes, II Fluoride gels, rinses and varnishes, III Fluoridated milk, fluoridated salt, tablets/lozenges and drops, IV Water fluoridation. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were reviewed and discussed for each of the groups. The GRADE system was used to assess the quality of evidence which was judged as HIGH, MODERATE, LOW or VERY LOW based on the assessment of eight criteria which can influence the confidence of the results. Following the quality assessment, GRADE was then used to indicate the strength of recommendation for each fluoride agent as STRONG or WEAK/CONDITIONAL.
RESULTS
Parents must be strongly advised to apply an age-related amount of toothpaste and assist/supervise tooth brushing until at least 7 years of age. The EAPD strongly endorses the daily use of fluoride as a major part of any comprehensive programme for the prevention and control of dental caries in children. Regardless of the type of programme, community or individually based, the use of fluoride must be balanced between the estimation of caries-risk and the possible risks of adverse effects of the fluorides. Fluoride use is considered safe when the manufacturer's instructions are followed. Preventive programmes should be re-evaluated at regular intervals and adapted to a patient's or population's needs and risks.
CONCLUSIONS
For the majority of European Countries, the EAPD recommends the appropriate use of fluoride toothpaste in conjunction with good oral hygiene to be the basic fluoride regimen.
Topics: Animals; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Dental Caries; Europe; Fluorides; Greece; Humans; Pediatric Dentistry; Toothpastes
PubMed: 31631242
DOI: 10.1007/s40368-019-00464-2 -
PeerJ 2022Dental erosion is a chemical loss of the mineralized dental tissue caused by exposure to nonbacterial acids. Different treatment protocols have been adopted with the use...
BACKGROUND
Dental erosion is a chemical loss of the mineralized dental tissue caused by exposure to nonbacterial acids. Different treatment protocols have been adopted with the use of fluoride compounds to promote the formation of a layer of mineral precipitation in eroded lesions.
AIM
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the main treatments for dental erosion.
METHODOLOGY
This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and recorded in the Open Science Framework database (OSF) under DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/XMFNZ. The searches were conducted in six electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, Lilacs) and two grey literature sources (Google Scholar and OpenGrey). The eligibility criteria included studies that evaluated eroded teeth under treatment with some topical agent. Risk of bias assessment and qualitative synthesis were performed using the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias modified for studies.
RESULTS
A total of 522 studies were identified, and only four studies that fulfilled our eligibility criteria were included in this review. Among these studies, three were considered to have a low risk of bias, and one to have a high risk of bias. Two studies evaluated the anti-erosion effect of fluoride toothpaste, and the other two assessed the action of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on the surface of human teeth. Among the products analyzed, CPP-ACP was the only one that promoted a significant increase in enamel microhardness and reduced tooth wear.
CONCLUSION
Based on the studies included in this review, there was no anti-erosion effect after using different fluoride toothpaste. However, it should be considered that one of these studies presented a high risk of bias. On the other hand, studies with CPP-ACP showed anti-erosion efficacy when applied before or after erosive wear.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Tooth Erosion; Toothpastes; Tooth Remineralization; Minerals
PubMed: 36389398
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13864 -
Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... Jan 2023Tooth whitening is currently one of the most requested treatments to change the color of teeth. There are different types of whitening in the dental office and at home....
INTRODUCTION
Tooth whitening is currently one of the most requested treatments to change the color of teeth. There are different types of whitening in the dental office and at home. There are also many whitening agents on the market. Nowadays, the public has shown great interest in a new natural compound: activated charcoal. It has an abrasive effect and it is included in toothpastes to whiten teeth quickly and easily.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the systematic review is to perform a qualitative synthesis of the available literature on the use of activated charcoal-based toothpaste for tooth whitening.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An electronic search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search included the terms (charcoal-based OR activated charcoal OR charcoal OR soot) AND (toothpaste OR dentifrices OR bleaching OR oral hygiene OR enamel OR teeth). Inclusion criteria were articles that were published in English, that included activated charcoal toothpastes, that assessed the efficacy of activated charcoal bleaching and/or the safety of using activated charcoal toothpastes, that were conducted on humans or extracted teeth regardless of their origin and the year of publication.
RESULTS
Out of 208 articles, 11 met the inclusion criteria, the Risk of Bias of the selected studies was determined as medium-high. Regarding the whitening effect, there is a variety of results depending on the study: in some there are no significant differences between the proposed treatments and in others activated charcoal is not the most whitening agent. Regarding the abrasive effect, most studies agree that activated charcoal toothpaste has a higher abrasive potential.
CONCLUSION
Toothpastes based on activated charcoal possess a lower whitening effect than other alternatives and can be considered as less safe due to its high abrasive potential.
Topics: Humans; Toothpastes; Bleaching Agents; Charcoal; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth
PubMed: 36183933
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151998 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2021The formation of a physiological biofilm cannot be avoided under normal circumstances. However, the consequences of a supragingivally located biofilm, such as caries,... (Review)
Review
The formation of a physiological biofilm cannot be avoided under normal circumstances. However, the consequences of a supragingivally located biofilm, such as caries, gingivitis and, as a further effect, periodontitis, are relatively easy to avoid. The simplest and most common method used worldwide for the elimination of biofilm is periodic mechanical removal using a toothbrush or similar tools, such as chewing sticks or woods. This method was already used in ancient Egypt, and is still being used today, albeit advanced and improved with the help of toothpastes. Here we give a summary of the most common toothbrushes, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the most common toothpastes, their ingredients, and functions. In addition, the ingredients will be critically evaluated and recommendations given for the use or non-use of certain ingredients for different target groups, such as children, healthy adults, or patients with special needs.
Topics: Adult; Biofilms; Child; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes
PubMed: 33427212
DOI: 10.1159/000510201 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2023In this chapter, diet is revisited to shed light on its role in caries development and management in contemporary populations. Measures applied to promote a rational... (Review)
Review
In this chapter, diet is revisited to shed light on its role in caries development and management in contemporary populations. Measures applied to promote a rational consumption of sugars and changes observed in sugars consumption are also addressed. A cariogenic diet provokes an imbalance in the oral microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis with predominance of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria in the dental biofilm. Both a cariogenic diet and a balanced diet modulate caries development and progression in contemporary populations. A cariogenic diet particularly impacts high-risk groups and should be avoided. A rational consumption of sugars presents a low risk for caries development in populations with regular oral hygiene practices and exposure to fluoride-containing toothpaste or combined exposure to fluoride-containing toothpaste and fluoridated water. Some initiatives have been developed to promote a rational consumption of sugars, but further efforts should be made in this respect. Although the consumption of sugars has remained high and stable, some countries observed a decrease in caries prevalence. A reduction in the daily consumption of sugars provides general and oral health benefits. Therefore, the intake of sugars should be as low as possible in the context of a nutritionally balanced diet.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Toothpastes; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Caries; Diet
PubMed: 37364558
DOI: 10.1159/000530565