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Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry Apr 2022The oral cavity is an important entry point for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study tested whether four commercially available mouthrinses and dentifrices have in vitro...
PURPOSE
The oral cavity is an important entry point for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study tested whether four commercially available mouthrinses and dentifrices have in vitro virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 (=4 log10 reduction in viral titer).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One part of stock SARS-CoV-2 virus plus one part 0.3 g/l bovine serum albumin were mixed with eight parts of test product solution. After 30 s for the rinses, or 60 s for the dentifrices, the mixture was quenched in an appropriate neutralizer, serially diluted, and inoculated onto Vero E6 cells to determine viral titer. Triplicate runs were performed for each test condition with appropriate controls for test product cytotoxicity, viral interference, and neutralizer effectiveness. Test products included: 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) rinse; 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) rinse; 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice A; and 0.454% SnF2 dentifrice B.
RESULTS
?The 1.5% H2O2 rinse, 0.07% CPC rinse, SnF2 dentifrice A, and SnF2 dentifrice B all produced > 4 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 titer.
CONCLUSION
All four test products displayed potent virucidal activity in vitro. Clinical studies are warranted to determine what role, if any, these oral care products might play in preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 or in the management of patients currently diagnosed with COVID-19 illness.
Topics: COVID-19; Cetylpyridinium; Dentifrices; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; SARS-CoV-2; Tin Fluorides
PubMed: 35481342
DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b2960525 -
Journal of Dentistry Sep 2019This network meta-analysis compares different desensitizing toothpastes and placebo in terms of their effects on dentine hypersensitivity (DH) at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
This network meta-analysis compares different desensitizing toothpastes and placebo in terms of their effects on dentine hypersensitivity (DH) at 2, 4, and 8 weeks.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic electronic literature search of four databases, and a manual search, were performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on different desensitizing toothpastes for the treatment of DH. Pair-wise and network meta-analyses were performed to analyze the desensitization effect at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The risk of bias was assessed based on the Cochrane guidelines and funnel plots. Statistical heterogeneity, inconsistencies, and ranking probability were also evaluated.
RESULTS
A total of 30 RCTs were included in the network meta-analysis, which included eight desensitizing toothpastes. There was no significant difference in the effect among calcium sodium phosphosilicate-containing (CSPS), potassium-containing (K) and strontium-containing (Sr) toothpastes. In addition, there was no significant difference between fluoride (F) and placebo. The desensitizing toothpaste with the highest probability of being the most effective treatment for DH was nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) at 2 and 4 weeks (60% and 67%, respectively), and Ar at 8 weeks (54%).
CONCLUSIONS
No significant difference was detected in desensitizing effects among CSPS, K and Sr toothpastes. In addition, there was no significant difference between F and placebo, K and placebo. Furthermore, a significant placebo effect on DH was found in this study. Moreover, n-HA toothpastes may be the best desensitizing toothpastes for treatment of DH, followed by Ar toothpaste.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Based on the results of present network meta-analysis, n-HA containing toothpastes might be a recommended desensitizing toothpastes considering the treatment of DH. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019117710.
Topics: Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Fluorides; Humans; Network Meta-Analysis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Toothpastes
PubMed: 31325467
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.07.008 -
The International Journal of... Sep 2023To evaluate the effect of tooth brushing and dentifrice fluoride (F-) concentration on changes in color and translucency (ΔE00 and ΔT00, respectively), surface gloss...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect of tooth brushing and dentifrice fluoride (F-) concentration on changes in color and translucency (ΔE00 and ΔT00, respectively), surface gloss (GS), surface roughness (Sa), and microstructure of a glazed CAD/CAM ceramic.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ceramic blocks (e.max/CAD) were sectioned into rectangular plates (14 x 12 x 1 mm), and one surface of each sample was glazed. Samples were divided into three groups according to the F- concentration in the dentifrice (0, 1,100, and 5,000 μg/g) and were then subjected to 60,000 tooth brushing cycles. Luminosity and color were measured using a spectrophotometer at baseline and after every 20,000 cycles to obtain their ΔE00 and ΔT00 values. Another set of samples was prepared to measure the GS with a gloss meter and the Sa with a confocal laser microscope. The GS and Sa results were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey test, and Dunnett test (α = .05).
RESULTS
After 60,000 tooth brushing cycles, all of the variables were clinically acceptable, and there were no significant differences in the ΔE00, ΔT00, GS, or Sa among the fluoridated dentifrices. The GS values decreased significantly as the number of tooth brushing cycles increased.
CONCLUSION
The ΔE00, ΔT00, GS, and Sa values were all clinically acceptable after the glazed e.max/CAD ceramic had been subjected to 60,000 tooth brushing cycles with dentifrices containing up to 5,000 μg/g of F-.
Topics: Fluorides; Dentifrices; Toothbrushing; Ceramics; Computer-Aided Design
PubMed: 37699186
DOI: 10.11607/ijp.7187 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2023Fluoride is the main agent used to control dental caries, with a very successful history after its widespread implementation worldwide, resulting in significant caries... (Review)
Review
Fluoride is the main agent used to control dental caries, with a very successful history after its widespread implementation worldwide, resulting in significant caries declines around the globe. In this chapter, the mechanism of action and peculiarities of different methods of fluoride use are revised. Fluoride controls caries progression by interfering with the processes of mineral exchanges (demineralization, remineralization) to which teeth are frequently subjected upon exposure to dental biofilm and a diet rich in fermentable sugars. Because caries is a ubiquitous disease of modern societies, different strategies have been developed to successfully keep fluoride available in oral fluids: (1) community-based approaches, such as water fluoridation, in which fluoride is delivered to communities at very low levels; (2) individual-based approaches, such as fluoride toothpastes, in which fluoride is delivered at higher concentrations, directly into the oral cavity, in a convenient combination with the act of brushing teeth to remove dental biofilm; (3) professionally-delivered approaches, such as fluoride gels and varnishes, in which very-high concentration products react with teeth resulting in local fluoride reservoirs that release the ion for weeks/months; and (4) combinations of these approaches, such as the concomitant use of fluoridated water and toothpaste, or the use of professional fluorides in caries-active patients. In conclusion, this chapter reviews the different modalities of fluoride use for coronal caries control, and summarizes the combined application of these methods according to the best evidence available.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Fluoridation; Toothpastes; Fluorides, Topical
PubMed: 37364557
DOI: 10.1159/000530564 -
Caries Research 2021To monitor deficient or excessive intakes of biologically available fluoride (F), various biological samples have been tested for use as biomarkers of human exposure to...
To monitor deficient or excessive intakes of biologically available fluoride (F), various biological samples have been tested for use as biomarkers of human exposure to F. Most such studies have concerned children and often have only involved measurement of F in 1 or 2 types of sample. The present study investigated the relationships of F concentrations in biomarkers of F exposure; including plasma, saliva, hair, finger- and toenails, and daily urinary F excretion (UFE) with the total daily F intake (TDFI) of adults. TDFI was assessed in 60 healthy adults, aged ≥20 years; 31 lived in a low-F water area (LFA, 0.04 mg F/L) and 29 in a high-F water area (HFA, 3.05 mg F/L) of Nigeria. All volunteers provided at least 1 biomarker sample from the above list and completed a questionnaire to evaluate F intake from the diet and toothpaste ingestion. TDFI, UFE and F concentrations of biomarkers were statistically significantly higher in the HFA than in the LFA. There were strong statistically significant positive correlations between TDFI and UFE (ρ = 0.730, p < 0.001); plasma F (ρ = 0.729, p < 0.001); fasting whole saliva F (ρ = 0.653, p < 0.001) and hair F (ρ = 0.603, p < 0.001). The statistically significant positive correlations between TDFI and fingernail F (ρ = 0.502, p < 0.001) and between TDFI and toenail F (ρ = 0.556, p < 0.001) were moderate. In conclusion, this study has indicated the usefulness of 24-h UFE as well as F concentration in plasma, fasting whole saliva and hair as biomarkers of contemporary or sub-chronic F exposure in groups of adults. However, they do not appear to have the necessary sensitivity to predict F exposure in individuals.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Child; Diet; Fluorides; Humans; Nails; Saliva; Toothpastes
PubMed: 34062534
DOI: 10.1159/000516091 -
Caries Research 2020The present study evaluated fluoride (F) concentrations in saliva of toddlers after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations, applied in different... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The present study evaluated fluoride (F) concentrations in saliva of toddlers after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations, applied in different quantities, and estimated F intake from toothbrushing. The study comprised a double-blind, crossover protocol, in which toddlers (n = 18, 2-3 years old) were randomly assigned into six groups, according to possible combinations of dentifrices (0/550/1,100 ppm F, as NaF) and amounts (rice grain, pea size, and transverse technique). Volunteers used a F-free dentifrice during 1 week. On the 7th day, saliva samples were collected before (baseline), and at 5/15/30/60 min after toothbrushing. All dentifrice expectorated after brushing was collected. F concentrations (saliva and expectorate) were determined with an ion-specific electrode. Data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Fisher's LSD or Student-Newman-Keuls' tests (p <0.05). Brushing with 550 ppm F dentifrice (pea size or transversal technique) increased the area under the curve (AUC) at similar levels compared to 1,100 ppm F (rice grain). The highest AUC and salivary F at 5 min after brushing were achieved by 1,100 ppm F (pea size), followed by 550 ppm F (transversal technique). Regarding F intake, the highest values were observed for 550 ppm F (transversal technique), followed by 1,100 ppm F (pea size). It is possible to conclude that the amount of dentifrice and F concentration in the product significantly affected both salivary F concentrations and F intake during toothbrushing.
Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Child, Preschool; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Fluorides; Humans; Saliva; Sodium Fluoride; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 32516769
DOI: 10.1159/000503780 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Sep 2021Chewing sticks have served as the primary form of dental care for rural communities in resource-poor settings for millennia. They are one of the most important... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Chewing sticks have served as the primary form of dental care for rural communities in resource-poor settings for millennia. They are one of the most important under-researched, non-timber forest products in Namibia. This review provides an overview of plants that are used as chewing sticks in Namibia and highlights pharmacological as well as phytochemical studies conducted on them.
AIM OF THE STUDY
This review aims to present a summary of studies that have been done on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological activity as well as evidence on the scientific validation and geographical distribution of chewing sticks in Namibia. It also highlights research gaps and provides an impetus for the scientific investigations of these plant species.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Literature searches using keywords including oral hygiene, chewing sticks, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, antimicrobial, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory activities and toxicity studies, chewing sticks, and distribution in Namibia on various electronic search engines was conducted.
RESULTS
Of the 41 plant species identified, Cordia sinensis Lam., Faidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev. and Harpagophytum zeyheri Decne. are used for both gargling and as mouthwash. The plant families Fabacae, Ebenaceae, and Burseraceae account for 22.0%, 12.2%, and 7.30% of plant species recorded as chewing sticks in Namibia respectively. This study revealed a significant relationship between plant family and scientific validation. Species belonging to Burseraceae, Apocynaceae, Montiniaceae, and Cucurbitaceae families have only been partially validated. The Kunene region, home to the Ovahimba ethnic group, had the highest proportion (87.8%) of chewing sticks species compared to other regions.
CONCLUSION
This review revealed that most of the plants used as chewing sticks in Namibia require an in-depth pharmacological and phytochemical investigation as deduced from the paucity of literature on the therapeutic methods, mechanisms of action, efficacy, toxicity, and clinical relevance of these species.
Topics: Dentifrices; Humans; Mastication; Medicine, Traditional; Namibia; Oral Hygiene; Phytochemicals; Plants
PubMed: 33992751
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114203 -
Evidence-based Dentistry Sep 2022Design and aim This randomised controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy of using dental floss in addition to toothbrushing in reducing gingival and plaque... (Review)
Review
Design and aim This randomised controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy of using dental floss in addition to toothbrushing in reducing gingival and plaque indices.Intervention The participants received oral hygiene instruction and supervised personal and professional plaque removal every week for two months. The research team instructed the participants to perform toothbrushing twice daily - groups 'toothbrushing and flossing' (TB + DF) and 'toothbrushing alone' - and use dental floss once daily - group TB + DF. Gingival index (GI) and plaque idex (PI) were evaluated at baseline and after one and two months.Case selection The authors invited the participants via the Federal University of Santa Maria screening service, social media and public posters. The participants were 18 years and older, without interproximal clinical attachment loss, with papillae completely filling the interproximal space and with at least 24 teeth remaining. The participants were included if they had a gingival index score of two at more than 15% of the interproximal sites. The authors excluded dental students, patients with xerostomia or diabetes, pregnant women, smokers, patients with orthodontic appliances and restraints, patients requiring antimicrobial prophylaxis, patients having used antibiotics/anti-inflammatory agents within the last three months and those with psychomotor disorders.Experimental groups and data analysis The authors used a block randomisation sequence with block sizes of ten. Randomisation confidentiality was maintained using serially sealed, numbered, opaque envelopes. At baseline, all the participants received oral prophylaxis and their GI, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed. A clinical staff member disclosed the experimental group assignments, distributed scheduled oral hygiene materials and conducted assigned study interventions. Each participant received a soft toothbrush (Colgate Twister Compact Head, New York, NY, USA) and fluoride dentifrice (Colgate Triple Action, 90 g, New York, NY, USA). Patients were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily. Subjects from the TB + DF group also received dental floss and were asked to use it once daily (Colgate, Tarpaulin, New York, NY, USA). The research team supervised the oral hygiene practices at day zero and recalled the patients to provide them with personalised oral hygiene instruction and dental plaque removal. Individual patients were considered as units of analysis. PI, GI, CAL, PD, gingival bleeding (GI = 2), BOP and percentage sites with different GI scores were presented as means, standard deviations and standard errors. The authors used multiple imputations to replace missing data and mixed linear models to analyse and compare the experimental groups.Results In total, 75 participants were randomised. Both groups showed a significant reduction in gingival inflammation (GI = 2) in the first month, albeit no change was seen in the second month. Adding flossing to toothbrushing significantly reduced the GI = 2 by the end of the first month (37.7 to 15.9%), maintaining optimised overall oral health through day 60 (15.1%) compared with toothbrushing alone. No significant differences were noted between the two groups from the first to the second month. Interproximal dental plaque was reduced for both groups from baseline to day 30 with no marked change from then to day 60. Plaque reduction was similar in both groups.Conclusions Toothbrushing reduces interdental plaque build-up and halts its progression while improving gingival health in adults with no interdental attachment loss. Dental flossing as an adjuvant to toothbrushing also enhances these benefits.
Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sodium Fluoride; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 36151277
DOI: 10.1038/s41432-022-0818-x -
International Journal of Paediatric... Jul 2022To summarize the information on the effectiveness of community water fluoridation (CWF) on the reduction of dental caries in the context of the wide use of fluoridated... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIM
To summarize the information on the effectiveness of community water fluoridation (CWF) on the reduction of dental caries in the context of the wide use of fluoridated toothpaste in Brazil.
DESIGN
A systematic review was conducted regarding the effect of CWF based on studies with Brazilian population groups using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and SCOPUS. The literature search was conducted up to August 2019. Studies that compared caries experience in at least two areas, one fluoridated and the other non-fluoridated, by mean dmft/DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index or caries prevalence (caries vs. caries-free) were included. Considering the beginning of widespread use of fluoride dentifrice and the time for producing dental caries decline, studies published before 1995 were excluded. Descriptive analysis and meta-analyses were carried out. The effect size was measured by mean difference for dmft and DMFT ± SD and odds ratios on a logarithmic scale for caries prevalence.
RESULTS
Of the 574 studies retrieved, 16 and 10 were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. Fluoridated areas exhibited lower mean dmft/DMFT than non-fluoridated areas did. The mean difference in the dmft between non-fluoridated and fluoridated areas was -2.28 (95% CI -3.26; -1.30) for children aged 5-8 years and -1.12 (95% CI -1.93; -0.32) for those aged 3-12 years; the mean difference in the DMFT was -0.61 (95% CI -0.80; -0.42) for the children aged between 7 and 12 years. The caries prevalence was 1.4 times and 57% lower, respectively, at primary and permanent dentition in fluoridated areas. Heterogeneity was observed in all age groups, ranging from 77.6% to 98.2%.
CONCLUSION
Community water fluoridation remains effective in preventing dental caries in children younger than 13 years, even with the widespread use of fluoridated toothpaste.
Topics: Child; DMF Index; Dental Caries; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Humans; Prevalence; Toothpastes
PubMed: 34564916
DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12928 -
International Dental Journal Oct 2023The aim of this work was to assess the oral health outcome of a 2-year comprehensive school oral health programme based on school-health education combined with...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work was to assess the oral health outcome of a 2-year comprehensive school oral health programme based on school-health education combined with supervised toothbrushing using 1450-ppm fluoride toothpaste amongst schoolchildren in Palestine.
METHODS
A quasi-experimental study (2016-2018) recruited 3939 schoolchildren aged 5 to 6 years from 30 intervention schools (n = 2333) and 31 comparison schools (n = 1606). At baseline and postintervention, mothers and schoolteachers completed World Health Organization (WHO) self-administered questionnaires about oral health of children, oral health behaviour, and family factors. Of the initial participants 75.8 per cent took part in the follow up studies. In addition, 25 calibrated dentists examined dental caries of children according to WHO criteria. Trained teachers provided comprehensive oral health education to children in the classrooms and held regular oral health sessions for mothers. Children brushed their teeth with fluoride-containing toothpaste (1450 ppm fluoride). Student t-test and logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis of changes in dental health and related knowledge, behaviours, and attitudes (P < .05).
RESULTS
In both dentitions, dental caries experience declined over the project. The reduction in Decayed, Missing and Filled permanent Teeth and Decayed, Missing and Filled Surfaces in permanent teeth was 23.3% and 23.2% (P < .001), respectively. The drop in caries experience indices in the Gaza Strip was 8 to 4 times higher than in West Bank, and it reached 47.4% reduction. Mothers and teachers showed improvement in positive knowledge and attitudes towards dental care. Involvement of schoolteachers in oral health in schools and acceptance of dental health education materials significantly enhanced oral health behaviour of children.
CONCLUSIONS
The project recommends national implementation of an intervention for the improvement of oral health of schoolchildren and their parents in conflict zones. The project shows the importance of the WHO Health Promoting Schools concept and involving classroom-based health education carried out by schoolteachers. It is suggested to explore the health care system's capacity in hosting effective oral health programme and maintain its efficacy.
Topics: Female; Child; Humans; Dental Caries; Oral Health; Fluorides; Toothpastes; Schools
PubMed: 37120392
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.03.011