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Endocrine Reviews May 2021In the mid- to late 1970s, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid methods for cloning and expressing genes in E. coli were under intense development. The important question...
In the mid- to late 1970s, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid methods for cloning and expressing genes in E. coli were under intense development. The important question had become: Can humans design and chemically synthesize novel genes that function in bacteria? This question was answered in 1978 and in 1979 with the successful expression in E. coli of 2 mammalian hormones, first somatostatin and then human insulin. The successful production of human insulin in bacteria provided, for the first time, a practical, scalable source of human insulin and resulted in the approval, in 1982, of human insulin for the treatment of diabetics. In this short review, I give my personal view of how the making, cloning, and expressing of human insulin genes was accomplished by a team of scientists led by Keiichi Itakura, Herbert W. Boyer, and myself.
Topics: Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Recombinant; Escherichia coli; Humans; Insulin; Insulin, Regular, Human
PubMed: 33340315
DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa029 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Normal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in regulating follicular growth, angiogenesis and sex hormone synthesis in ovarian tissue. When the... (Review)
Review
Normal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in regulating follicular growth, angiogenesis and sex hormone synthesis in ovarian tissue. When the balance between ROS and antioxidants is disrupted, however, it can cause serious consequences of oxidative stress (OS), and the quantity and quality of oocytes will decline. Therefore, this review discusses the interrelationship between OS and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), the potential mechanisms and the methods by which antioxidants can improve POI through controlling the level of OS. We found that OS can mediate changes in genetic materials, signal pathways, transcription factors and ovarian microenvironment, resulting in abnormal apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and abnormal meiosis as well as decreased mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid(mtDNA) and other changes, thus accelerating the process of ovarian aging. However, antioxidants, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), biological enzymes and other antioxidants can delay the disease process of POI by reducing the ROS level .
Topics: Female; Humans; Antioxidants; Reactive Oxygen Species; Menopause, Premature; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency; Oxidative Stress; DNA, Mitochondrial
PubMed: 37600717
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172481 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Apr 2021Being polymorphic, deoxyribonucleic acid is worthy of raise a variety of structure like right-handed B to left-handed Z conformation. In left-handed contour of DNA... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Being polymorphic, deoxyribonucleic acid is worthy of raise a variety of structure like right-handed B to left-handed Z conformation. In left-handed contour of DNA consecutive nucleotides substitute between syn-arrangement and anti-arrangement, through the chain. 2D gel electrophoresis comprising d(PCpG)n of topo isomers of a plasmid inserts d(pCpG)n, in this 'n' ranges among 8 to 21, indicate the change of B-Z DNA. The high denseness of salt is required for conversion of B configuration d(CG)n toward Z configuration. The rate of B to Z transition is measured by "Cytosine Analogues" and "Fluorescence Spectroscopy". h-ZĪ±ADAR1 that a Z-DNA's binding domain, binds and stabilizes one part in Z configuration and therefore the remaining half in B deoxyribonucleic acid configuration. At halfway point, it creates B-Z junction. "Stacking" is the main reason for the B-Z DNA junction construction. Upregulation of ADAM-12, related with Z-DNA is said to a cause for cancer, arthritis, and hypertrophy. Z-DNA forming sequence (ZFS) conjointly generates massive - scale deletion in cells from mammals.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Biophysics; Cytosine; DNA; DNA, Z-Form; Genome, Human; Humans; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Protein Binding; Protein Domains
PubMed: 34027648
DOI: 10.52586/4922 -
Chemical Reviews Sep 2021Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are natural biopolymers composed of nucleotides that store, transmit, and express... (Review)
Review
Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are natural biopolymers composed of nucleotides that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Overexpressed or underexpressed as well as mutated nucleic acids have been implicated in many diseases. Therefore, nucleic acid tests (NATs) are extremely important. Inspired by intracellular DNA replication and RNA transcription, NATs have been extensively developed to improve the detection specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity. The principles of NATs can be in general classified into three categories: nucleic acid hybridization, thermal-cycle or isothermal amplification, and signal amplification. Driven by pressing needs in clinical diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases, NATs have evolved to be a rapidly advancing field. During the past ten years, an explosive increase of research interest in both basic research and clinical translation has been witnessed. In this review, we aim to provide comprehensive coverage of the progress to analyze nucleic acids, use nucleic acids as recognition probes, construct detection devices based on nucleic acids, and utilize nucleic acids in clinical diagnosis and other important fields. We also discuss the new frontiers in the field and the challenges to be addressed.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; DNA; Humans; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Nucleic Acid Probes; RNA
PubMed: 34254782
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00241 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2020Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves not only as a genetic information carrier but also as an excellent material for programmable nanoscale assembly [...].
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves not only as a genetic information carrier but also as an excellent material for programmable nanoscale assembly [...].
Topics: DNA; Nanostructures; Nanotechnology
PubMed: 32028556
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030639 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis is a simple, fast, and inexpensive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method used to identify genetic variation...
High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis is a simple, fast, and inexpensive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method used to identify genetic variation between populations and detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nucleic acid sequences. HRM is a powerful technique that detects the differences between SNP allele melting temperatures by using a fluorescent dye inserted into the duplex deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure. Prior to performing HRM analysis, optimizing the primer design, PCR mixture, and software settings is essential to obtain accurate and reliable results. In this chapter, we describe a detailed SNP genotyping method that includes primer design and the analysis of the shapes and positions of the melt curve of the luminescence intensity of the fluorescent dye attached to amplified DNA using software of qPCR instruments. This protocol is applicable for genotyping germplasm, genetic mapping, and marker-assisted breeding in plants.
Topics: Genotype; Fluorescent Dyes; Plant Breeding; Genotyping Techniques; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; DNA; Nucleic Acid Denaturation
PubMed: 36781654
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3024-2_24 -
The Analyst May 2020Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the carrier of genetic information in living life, is an essential biomacromolecule in almost all living systems. DNA has advantages... (Review)
Review
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the carrier of genetic information in living life, is an essential biomacromolecule in almost all living systems. DNA has advantages including, programmability, predictability, high rigidity, and stability. Through self-assembly or combination with other nanomaterials (such as gold nanoparticles, graphene oxides, quantum dots, and polymers), DNA can be applied to construct specific, stable, biocompatible, and functional nanodevices. DNA nanodevices have made greater contributions in a plethora of fields. In this review, we discuss the recent progress of DNA nanodevices in molecular detection and analysis. Meanwhile, we prospect the development of various DNA devices in biological analysis, clinical diagnosis and biomedical research.
Topics: Animals; Biosensing Techniques; DNA; Humans; Nanotechnology
PubMed: 32319463
DOI: 10.1039/d0an00159g -
Nucleic Acids Research Jun 2021Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has evolved to be a naturally selected, robust biomacromolecule for gene information storage, and biological evolution and various diseases... (Review)
Review
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has evolved to be a naturally selected, robust biomacromolecule for gene information storage, and biological evolution and various diseases can find their origin in uncertainties in DNA-related processes (e.g. replication and expression). Recently, synthetic DNA has emerged as a compelling molecular media for digital data storage, and it is superior to the conventional electronic memory devices in theoretical retention time, power consumption, storage density, and so forth. However, uncertainties in the in vitro DNA synthesis and sequencing, along with its conjugation chemistry and preservation conditions can lead to severe errors and data loss, which limit its practical application. To maintain data integrity, complicated error correction algorithms and substantial data redundancy are usually required, which can significantly limit the efficiency and scale-up of the technology. Herein, we summarize the general procedures of the state-of-the-art DNA-based digital data storage methods (e.g. write, read, and preservation), highlighting the uncertainties involved in each step as well as potential approaches to correct them. We also discuss challenges yet to overcome and research trends in the promising field of DNA-based data storage.
Topics: DNA; Genes, Synthetic; Information Storage and Retrieval
PubMed: 33836076
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab230 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Clotting and inflammation are effective danger response patterns positively selected by evolution to limit fatal bleeding and pathogen invasion upon traumatic injuries.... (Review)
Review
Clotting and inflammation are effective danger response patterns positively selected by evolution to limit fatal bleeding and pathogen invasion upon traumatic injuries. As a trade-off, thrombotic, and thromboembolic events complicate severe forms of infectious and non-infectious states of acute and chronic inflammation, i.e., immunothrombosis. Factors linked to thrombosis and inflammation include mediators released by platelet granules, complement, and lipid mediators and certain integrins. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a previously unrecognized cellular component in the blood, which elicits profound proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects. Pathogens trigger the release of extracellular DNA together with other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Dying cells in the inflamed or infected tissue release extracellular DNA together with other danger associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). Neutrophils release DNA by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during infection, trauma or other forms of vascular injury. Fluorescence tissue imaging localized extracellular DNA to sites of injury and to intravascular thrombi. Functional studies using deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-deficient mouse strains or recombinant DNase show that extracellular DNA contributes to the process of immunothrombosis. Here, we review rodent models of immunothrombosis and the evolving evidence for extracellular DNA as a driver of immunothrombosis and discuss challenges and prospects for extracellular DNA as a potential therapeutic target.
Topics: Animals; DNA; Humans; Inflammation; Thrombosis
PubMed: 33117353
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568513 -
Seminars in Liver Disease Nov 2019There is a clear and unmet need for biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Circulating cell free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) is a fragmented DNA subtype, found... (Review)
Review
There is a clear and unmet need for biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Circulating cell free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) is a fragmented DNA subtype, found in the blood circulation. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is the fraction of total cfDNA, which originates from the primary tumor or metastases in patients with cancer. Earlier studies reported that quantitative measurement cfDNA has diagnostic and prognostic role for HCC. More recently, improvement in next-generation sequencing technology and better understanding of genetic or epigenetic alteration of HCC have allowed comprehensive analysis of mutational and methylation landscape of ctDNA. Hotspot mutation panels and methylation panels have both shown promising performance. None of these tests have yet been validated in longitudinal cohorts for preclinical detection of HCC. In this article, the authors discuss the currently available ctDNA detection technologies, their diagnostic and prognostic performance in HCC, and future research directions.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Circulating Tumor DNA; DNA Methylation; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Mutation; Prognosis
PubMed: 31226727
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688503