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MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Dermatomycoses; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 37537465
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-023-2800-8 -
Mycoses Aug 2021Superficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast-like... (Review)
Review
Superficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Such fungal infections are widespread all over the world and are predominant in tropical as well as subtropical regions. Environmental factors, such as warm, humid and pitiable hygienic conditions, are conducive for their growth and proliferation. Although it does not cause mortality, it is known to be associated with excessive morbidity which may be psychological or physical. This affects the quality of life of the infected individuals which leads to a negative impact on their occupational, emotional and social status. Such infections are increasing on a global scale and, therefore, are of serious concern worldwide. This review article covers the global and Indian scenario of superficial mycoses taking into account the historical background, aetiological agents, prevalence, cultural and environmental factors, risk factors, pathogenesis and hygienic practices for the prevention of superficial mycoses.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Asian People; Dermatomycoses; Global Health; Hair; Humans; India; Nails; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Risk Factors; Skin
PubMed: 33665915
DOI: 10.1111/myc.13264 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Aug 2023Pityrosporum folliculitis (PF) is a fungal acneiform disease of the hair follicles that often presents with pruritic papules and pustules on the upper body and face This... (Review)
Review
Pityrosporum folliculitis (PF) is a fungal acneiform disease of the hair follicles that often presents with pruritic papules and pustules on the upper body and face This condition is commonly mistaken for acne vulgaris and can be distinguished from bacterial acne by the presence of fungal spores in the follicular lumen Although studies have been performed to describe PF in cohorts, little work has been done to aggregate these data. Thus, the goal of this review is to describe the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of PF in immunocompetent patients. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched using the terms "Pityrosporum folliculitis" or "Malassezia folliculitis." All cohorts reporting PF characteristics in patients classified as immunocompetent were reviewed. A total of 15 studies were included. Majority of patients were male (64%) with the average age of presentation of 24.26 years. The most common locations of lesions were the chest (70%) and back/shoulders (69.2%). Pruritus was reported by the majority of patients (71.7%). Additionally, 40.5% of patients reported a history of unsuccessful treatment regimens. Treatment was most successful with an oral antifungal (92%), followed by a topical antifungal (81.6%). In conclusion, majority of patients with PF were younger males. Many patients were primarily treated incorrectly, suggesting the importance of proper diagnosis. PF may be distinguishable from acne vulgaris by the presence of pruritus or suggested when a new acneiform eruption develops following antibiotic therapy or immunosuppression. When properly diagnosed, majority of cases of PF achieve complete response with oral or topical antifungals.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Malassezia; Dermatomycoses; Folliculitis; Acne Vulgaris; Pruritus; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36517586
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02506-0 -
Archives of Dermatological Research May 2023The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is divided into two classes involved in antigen presentation: class I presenting intracellular antigens and class II presenting...
BACKGROUND
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is divided into two classes involved in antigen presentation: class I presenting intracellular antigens and class II presenting extracellular antigens. While susceptibility to infections is correlated with the HLA system, data on associations between HLA genotypes and Malassezia-related skin diseases (MRSD) are lacking. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate associations between HLA alleles and MRSD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Participants in The Danish Blood Donor Study (2010-2018) provided questionnaire data on life style, anthropometric measures, and registry data on filled prescriptions. Genotyping was done using Illumina Infinium Global Screening Array, and HLA alleles were imputed using the HIBAG algorithm. Cases and controls were defined using filled prescriptions on topical ketoconazole 2% as a proxy of MRSD. Logistic regressions assessed associations between HLA alleles and MRSD adjusted for confounders and Bonferroni corrected for multiple tests.
RESULTS
A total of 9455 participants were considered MRSD cases and 24,144 participants as controls. We identified four risk alleles B*57:01, OR 1.19 (95% CI: 1.09-1.31), C*01:02, OR 1.19 (95% CI: 1.08-1.32), C*06:02, OR 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08-1.22), and DRB1*01:01, OR 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04-1.17), and two protective alleles, DQB1*02:01, OR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85-0.94), and DRB1*03:01, OR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85-0.94).
CONCLUSION
Five novel associations between HLA alleles and MRSD were identified in our cohort, and one previous association was confirmed. Future studies should assess the correlation between Malassezia antigens and antigen-binding properties of the associated HLA alleles.
Topics: Malassezia; Dermatomycoses; HLA Antigens; Skin Diseases, Genetic; Case-Control Studies; Denmark; Cohort Studies; Genotype; Alleles; Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Middle Aged; Blood Donors
PubMed: 36394635
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02454-9 -
Mycoses Aug 2022Tinea capitis is an infection of the scalp and hair shaft caused by dermatophytes that predominantly occurs in children. Skin fungal infections have been found to be...
BACKGROUND
Tinea capitis is an infection of the scalp and hair shaft caused by dermatophytes that predominantly occurs in children. Skin fungal infections have been found to be associated with alterations in the overall bacterial and fungal communities. However, the scalp microbiome in tinea capitis have not been fully investigated.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate and compare the scalp bacterial and fungal microbiomes between children with tinea capitis and healthy children and between children and adults.
METHODS
Skin samples were collected from the scalp. Bacterial and fungal community compositions were analysed by amplification sequencing of the V3-V4 of 16S rDNA and ITS1-5F, respectively.
RESULTS
The predominant fungi detected using amplicon sequencing were consistent with the culture- or real-time PCR-positive pathogens in most samples. Children with tinea capitis had lower fungal and higher bacterial Shannon diversity than healthy children. A higher relative abundance of pathogenic fungi and significant alterations in the bacterial community in the lesional sites of tinea capitis than healthy scalps. Compared with adults, healthy children were characterised by higher Shannon diversities with significantly lower relative abundances of Malassezia and Cutibacterium and higher relative abundances of Candida and Streptococcus.
CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated that tinea capitis was characterised by significant alterations in both fungal and bacterial communities and amplicon sequencing could be a complementary method for pathogen identification.
Topics: Adult; Child; Dermatomycoses; Hair; Humans; Scalp; Skin; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 35689543
DOI: 10.1111/myc.13480 -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Aug 2019The basis for effective treatment of any dermatomycosis is the correct and timely identification of the pathogen, which allows the targeted choice of the most suitable... (Review)
Review
The basis for effective treatment of any dermatomycosis is the correct and timely identification of the pathogen, which allows the targeted choice of the most suitable antimycotic and is important for the prevention of repeated infections. In recent years, infections with dermatophytes seem to have increased. In fact, from 2007 to 2018, there was an increase in the number of samples processed in the Mycology Laboratory of the Department of Dermatology at the University Hospital Jena. The most common isolated dermatophytes between 2007 and 2018 were Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, T. interdigitale, Microsporum (M.) canis and T. benhamiae. However, dermatophytoses may also be caused by rare anthropophilic agents such as Epidermophyton floccosum, zoophiles such as T. verrucosum, T. quinckeanum or Nannizzia (N.) persicolor as well as by geophiles such as N. gypsea. Therefore, these dermatophytes should at least be known, so that in case of unusual observations investigations can be performed accordingly. Changes in the pathogen spectrum of dermatophytoses have taken place over time and it is expected that the occurrence of dermatophytes will be subject of continuous fluctuations, which may mean that the incidence of some of these "rare" dermatophytes, as described here in five clinical examples, may be changing.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Dermatomycoses; Epidermophyton; Humans; Microsporum; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 31139861
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-4429-1 -
Mycoses Oct 2021Fungal infections present with a broad spectrum of diseases in humans (from relatively mild superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes to the invasive or... (Review)
Review
Fungal infections present with a broad spectrum of diseases in humans (from relatively mild superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes to the invasive or chronic infections of internal organs, which have a high mortality rate). Globally, up to 1.6 million people die each year as a result of various types of mycoses. Currently, many scientific studies focus on the best possible understanding of the aspects of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of invasive mycoses and effective methods to combat them. However, mycoses of the skin and its appendages remain a relatively less explored area. In some communities, superficial mycoses are a frequent problem as they affect nearly 70% of the population, an example of which is the athlete's foot. It involves the nails (onychomycosis) and skin (tinea pedis). It is mainly caused by keratin-decomposing dermatophyte fungi. Less often, infections are caused by non-dermatophyte moulds (Fusarium, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis) or yeasts. Several factors have been listed as having substantial influence on the development of dermatophytosis, including those related to climate, season, geographical region, as well as to demography, socioeconomic and cultural customs, professions or contact with animals. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge about aetiology, epidemiology, diagnostics and therapy of tinea pedis with a special focus to the role of podologic management in spreading, prevention and therapy of mycoses. The article presents up-to-date knowledge on the management of the patient from the diagnosis, treatment and skincare, to counselling on how to prevent fungal skin infections in the long term.
Topics: Beauty; Dermatomycoses; Fungi; Humans; Onychomycosis; Persistent Infection; Tinea Pedis
PubMed: 34145648
DOI: 10.1111/myc.13340 -
Mycoses Mar 2022Traditionally, KOH microscopy and fungal culture are the two preferred tests as gold standard for diagnosis of onychomycosis. Recently, other diagnostic methods have...
BACKGROUND
Traditionally, KOH microscopy and fungal culture are the two preferred tests as gold standard for diagnosis of onychomycosis. Recently, other diagnostic methods have been developed to improve the microbiological diagnosis. The EUROArray dermatomycosis kit is a PCR-based microarray test system for the detection and direct identification of species that are most frequently involved in skin and nail infections.
OBJECTIVES
Our primary aim was to evaluate the real-life applicability of the EUROArray dermatomycosis kit in the diagnosis of onychomycoses. In addition, we compared the aetiology of onychomycoses found in our patients with those described in the literature.
PATIENTS/METHODS
We prospectively studied consecutive 100 patients with suspected onychomycoses. Samples of suspect toenails were taken as part of routine medical management. Nail specimens were evaluated by means of three diagnostic methods: KOH preparation, culture and EUROArray dermatomycosis kit.
RESULTS
Onychomycosis was diagnosed in 47/100 patients who proved positive on at least one reference diagnostic test and in 49/100 patients who proved positive on PCR. The combination of microscopy and PCR had better sensitivity than microscopy (p = .0397), fungal culture (p = .0061) and PCR alone (p = .0117). Moulds were more frequently positive in culture than in PCR (p = .033). Dermatophytes proved positive more frequent than moulds and yeasts in both culture and PCR; in particular, Trichophyton interdigitale was the most frequent pathogen.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, introducing EUROArray dermatomycosis kit into the diagnostic algorithm of onychomycosis increases the sensitivity of direct microscopy and yields more rapid results than culture.
Topics: Humans; Microscopy; Nails; Onychomycosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 34843133
DOI: 10.1111/myc.13405 -
PLoS Pathogens Jun 2024
Review
Topics: Humans; Dermatomycoses; Arthrodermataceae; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 38870096
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012258 -
Mycopathologia Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Tinea cruris; Antifungal Agents; Tinea; Basidiomycota
PubMed: 37751124
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00778-2