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Veterinary Dermatology Feb 2020The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats.
METHODS AND MATERIAL
The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) Clinical Consensus Guideline committee provided guidance and oversight for this process. The document was presented at two international meetings of veterinary dermatology societies and one international mycology workshop; it was made available for comment on the WAVD website for a period of six months. Comments were shared with the GP electronically and responses incorporated into the final document.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
There has been a remarkable expansion of knowledge on Malassezia yeasts and their role in animal disease, particularly since the early 1990's. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats has evolved from a disease of obscurity and controversy on its existence, to now being a routine diagnosis in general veterinary practice. Clinical signs are well recognised and diagnostic approaches are well developed. A range of topical and systemic therapies is known to be effective, especially when predisposing factors are identified and corrected.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Consensus; Dermatitis; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Malassezia; Skin; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 31957204
DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Feb 2021Cutaneous cryptococcosis is uncommon. It is usually a result of disseminated infection and can present with a wide variety of skin lesions. We report a case of...
Cutaneous cryptococcosis is uncommon. It is usually a result of disseminated infection and can present with a wide variety of skin lesions. We report a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a kidney transplant recipient who presented with nodular lesions in the forehead following a bout of acute cellular rejection.
Topics: Cryptococcosis; Dermatomycoses; Humans
PubMed: 32652825
DOI: 10.1111/tid.13412 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2023This is a report of the results of the epidemiological survey on dermatomycoses conducted in 2021. A total of 9,442 patients with dermatomycosis were reported for one...
This is a report of the results of the epidemiological survey on dermatomycoses conducted in 2021. A total of 9,442 patients with dermatomycosis were reported for one year. They include 8,151 (86.3%) with dermatophytosis, 796 (8.4%) with candidiasis, 484 (5.1%) with Malassezia infection, and 11 (0.1%) with deep cutaneous mycosis. In order, the most common types of dermatophytoses were tinea pedis (4,195 cases, 2,341 males and 1,854 females), tinea unguium (2,711 cases, 1,509 males and 1,202 females), tinea corporis (674 cases, 445 males and 229 females), tinea cruris (399 cases, 305 males and 94 females), tinea manus (125 cases, 78 males and 47 females), and tinea capitis (47 cases, 25 males and 22 females). The number of cases of tinea pedis and tinea unguium increased during the summer. A higher percentage of patients were aged 80 or older than in previous surveys. These findings may reflect the increasing percentage of elderly patients seen and the superannuation of the population. As in previous surveys, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale were the two most frequently isolated species of fungi causing dermatophytoses. Microsporum canis and Trichophyton tonsurans were the two species most often causing tinea capitis.Regarding cutaneous candidiasis, while candidal intertrigo was the most common in previous surveys, diaper candidiasis in the elderly was the most common in this survey. A background check revealed that this was because a facility included a semi-prophylactic approach to address diaper candidiasis occurring within the ward.Malassezia infections by Malassezia folliculitis clearly increased with each survey. The tendency of certain facilities with many reports of Malassezia folliculitis suggests that it is greatly affected by the presence of physicians familiar with the disease.
Topics: Male; Aged; Female; Humans; Tinea Pedis; Dermatomycoses; Onychomycosis; Japan; Tinea; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Tinea Capitis; Candidiasis; Folliculitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 38030276
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.23-00008 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2020
Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Cryptococcosis; Dermatomycoses; Ear Diseases; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32299737
DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.07.009 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jun 2024Fusarium and allied genera (fusarioid) species are common colonizers of roots and aerial plant parts, or act as phytopathogens in forestry and horticultural or grain...
BACKGROUND
Fusarium and allied genera (fusarioid) species are common colonizers of roots and aerial plant parts, or act as phytopathogens in forestry and horticultural or grain crops. However, they can also cause a wide range of infections in humans, including onychomycosis, cutaneous and invasive infections. Fusarioid keratitis is characterized by an infection of the cornea with a suppurative and ulcerative appearance, which may cause damage to vision and permanent blindness. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of fusarioid species, biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility profiling of clinical isolates recovered from patients with keratitis and dermatomycoses.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
The study was performed between March, 2012-December, 2022. Demographic, clinical and epidemiological data of patients were also collected. In the present study, most of the patients with keratitis were male (74%), had a median age of 42 years old, worked with plant material or debris and 26% of them reported eye trauma. Regarding dermatomycosis, most of patients were female and exhibited toenail lesions. Forty-seven isolates belonged to the genus Neocosmospora (78.33%), nine to the Fusarium fujikuroi (15%) and four to the Fusarium oxysporum (6.66%) species complexes. Several strains were moderate biofilm producers, specifically among Fusarium annulatum. Most strains showed increased MICs to amphotericin B and ketoconazole and low MICs to itraconazole. MICs ranged from 0.25 to 16 μg/mL for amphotericin B, 0.0625 to >16 μg/mL for ketoconazole and 0.125 to 8 for itraconazole.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
It is possible to conclude that fusarioid keratitis in Northeastern Brazil is an important and neglected disease, given the high number of cases, increased need for keratoplasty and poor outcome of the disease.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Adult; Brazil; Keratitis; Prospective Studies; Middle Aged; Antifungal Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Fusarium; Fusariosis; Young Adult; Dermatomycoses; Aged; Biofilms; Prevalence; Adolescent; Eye Infections, Fungal
PubMed: 38885283
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012247 -
Mycoses Jul 2022Fungal skin infections are recognised as one of the most common health disorders globally, and dermatophyte infections of the skin, hair and nails are the most common...
BACKGROUND
Fungal skin infections are recognised as one of the most common health disorders globally, and dermatophyte infections of the skin, hair and nails are the most common fungal infections. Dermatophytes can be classified as anthropophilic, zoophilic or geophilic species based on their primary habitat association, and this classification makes epidemiological analysis useful for the prevention and control of these infections. The Irish contribution to the epidemiology of these infections has been scant, with just two papers (both reporting paediatric tinea capitis only) published in the last 20 years, and none in the last seven.
OBJECTIVES
To perform a comprehensive retrospective epidemiological analysis of all dermatological mycology tests performed in University Hospital Limerick over a 20-year period.
METHODS
All mycology laboratory test results were extracted from the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS, iLab, DXC Technologies) from 2001 to 2020 inclusive for analysis. Specimen types were categorised according to the site of sampling. The data were analysed using Microsoft Excel.
RESULTS
About 12,951 specimens of skin, hair and nails were studied. Median patient age was 42 years (IQR 26-57) with a slight female preponderance (57.2%). Two thirds of samples (67%, n = 8633) were nail, 32% were skin scrapings (n = 4118) and 200 hair samples (1.5%) were received. Zoophilic dermatophytes were more commonly present in females (38% F, 23% M, proportion of dermatophytes) and in those under 10 years of age or from 45 to 70 years (36% and 34% zoophiles, respectively, proportion of dermatophytes), although anthropophiles predominated every age and gender category. Anthropophiles had their highest prevalence in the 10-20 years age category (80% anthropophiles, proportion of dermatophytes), and yeast infections were more prevalent in older patients (29% of >60 year olds vs. 17% of <60 year olds, proportion of all fungal positives). Trichophyton rubrum was the most prevalent pathogen detected, accounting for 53% of all dermatophytes detected, 61% of those detected from nail samples and 34% from skin and hair samples. Trichophyton tonsurans was the most prevalent dermatophyte in tinea capitis, accounting for 37% of dermatophytes detected. Both of these organisms are anthropophilic, and this group showed consistently increased prevalence in proportion to all fungal isolates. The proportion of this dermatophyte class (anthropophiles) increased among both nail samples and skin/hair samples during the study period, from 55% of samples in the first 5 years of the study (2001-2005) to 88% (proportion of dermatophytes) in the final 5 years. Conversely, yeast detection decreased.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides a detailed overview of the epidemiology of the fungal cultures of skin, nail and hair samples in the Mid-West of Ireland over a 20-year period. Monitoring this changing landscape is important in identifying likely sources of infections, to identifying potential outbreaks, and may help guide empiric treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first detailed analysis from Ireland of fungal detections from skin, hair and nail samples, and is the first epidemiological fungal report of any kind in over 7 years.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthrodermataceae; Child; Dermatomycoses; Female; Humans; Ireland; Middle Aged; Onychomycosis; Retrospective Studies; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 35598177
DOI: 10.1111/myc.13473 -
Medical Mycology Feb 2022Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissues that can occur in humans and other animals. In domestic cats, the majority of cases are caused...
UNLABELLED
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissues that can occur in humans and other animals. In domestic cats, the majority of cases are caused by Microsporum canis and can spread to other animals and humans via arthrospores. Between 2019 and 2021, 164 cases of suspected dermatophytosis were recorded in animals from a high-volume shelter in California. Samples (hair, nail, and skin scraping) were collected for routine screening from these individuals. One hundred and twenty-six of these were diagnosed as M. canis by culture and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. In four suspected dermatophytosis cases occurring in kittens in 2019, cultures grown at 20°C yielded fungi with colony morphology more similar to Arthroderma species than Microsporum. Morphologic and microscopic examinations were conducted, and gene segments for the ITS, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) regions were sequenced from DNA extracted from these cultures. Sequences were aligned to other dermatophytes using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining trees and were compared to previously described fungal species to assess nucleotide homology. We identified two previously undescribed fungal species, herein proposed as Arthroderma lilyanum sp. nov. and Arthroderma mcgillisianum sp. nov. M. canis co-cultured in two of the four cases. Other physiologic tests supported this diagnosis. These species have significance as potential pathogens and should be considered as rule-outs for dermatophytosis in cats. The potential for infection of other species, including humans, should be considered.
LAY SUMMARY
Two novel fungal species were cultured and characterized from four cases of suspected ringworm in cats at an animal shelter in CA, US. These species were genetically distinct from other dermatophytes and are herein described as Arthroderma lilyanum sp. nov. and Arthroderma mcgillisianum sp. nov.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dermatomycoses; Female; Hair; Microsporum; Tinea; Tubulin; United States
PubMed: 34999826
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac001 -
Ophthalmology Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 36797137
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.01.011 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2023Keratinophilic fungi are mostly soil-inhabiting organisms with occasional infections in humans and animals. Even though most dermatophytes are host-adapted,... (Review)
Review
Keratinophilic fungi are mostly soil-inhabiting organisms with occasional infections in humans and animals. Even though most dermatophytes are host-adapted, cross-species infections are common by zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. N. nana is considered an etiological agent of ringworm in pigs but has also been isolated from other animals, including humans. However, it also possesses many characteristics of geophilic dermatophytes including the ability to grow in soil. N. nana produces characteristic pear-shaped macroconidia and usually exhibits an ectothrix pattern of hair infection. It has been isolated from dermatitis lesions as well as from soil. N. nana infections in pigs are not of much concern as far as economy or health is concerned. But it has been associated with onychomycosis and gonathritis in humans, which are significant in human medicine. The shift in the predominance of dermatophytes in humans and the ability to evolve into a potential tinea pathogen necessitates more understanding of the physiology and genetics of N. nana. In this review, we have attempted a detailed analysis of the studies about N. nana, emphasizing growth and cultural characters, physiology, isolation, infection in humans and animals, molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Swine; Arthrodermataceae; Dermatomycoses; Onychomycosis; Antifungal Agents; Cross Infection
PubMed: 36437438
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00880-5 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Jun 2021The tropical verrucous syndrome includes infectious, chronic, and granulomatous skin conditions appearing with plaques, nodules, or ulcers with a warty surface which... (Review)
Review
The tropical verrucous syndrome includes infectious, chronic, and granulomatous skin conditions appearing with plaques, nodules, or ulcers with a warty surface which gives name to the syndrome. It includes forms of chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, lobomycosis, leishmaniasis, and tuberculosis verrucosa cutis with ample distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. The diagnoses may be difficult and confused among them, especially between sporotrichosis and leishmaniasis. Clinical, epidemiologic, intradermal reactions, direct smears, skin biopsies, cultures, immunofluorescence, and PCR are used to differentiate them, although several of these methods are not commonly used. We present an 18-year-old man with extensive verrucous plaques in one knee interpreted by clinic, epidemiology, and biopsy as verrucous cutaneous leishmaniasis. He was treated with Glucantime® for 20 days without improvement. A new biopsy was made that was also interpreted as cutaneous leishmaniasis. The revision of both biopsies showed inflammation with abscessed granulomas and asteroid sporotrichotic bodies at the center of the granulomas that led to the diagnosis of sporotrichosis later confirmed by the fungus culture. The patient responded to the treatment with itraconazole. As clinical and epidemiological findings of leishmaniasis and sporotrichosis can be similar, skin biopsy and other paraclinical studies are necessary to establish a proper diagnosis. The asteroid sporotrichotic body is pathognomonic of this mycosis. We review here the essential concepts of leishmaniasis and sporotrichosis and the criteria to differentiate them.
Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Granuloma; Humans; Itraconazole; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Male; Skin; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 34214265
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5757