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Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Jun 2022Diabetes is a chronic disorder characterized by dysregulated glycemic conditions. Diabetic complications include microvascular and macrovascular abnormalities and... (Review)
Review
Diabetes is a chronic disorder characterized by dysregulated glycemic conditions. Diabetic complications include microvascular and macrovascular abnormalities and account for high morbidity and mortality rates in patients. Current clinical approaches for diabetic complications are limited to symptomatic treatments and tight control of blood sugar levels. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by somatic and stem cells have recently emerged as a new class of potent cell-free therapeutic delivery packets with a great potential to treat diabetic complications. EVs contain a mixture of bioactive molecules and can affect underlying pathological processes in favor of tissue healing. In addition, EVs have low immunogenicity and high storage capacity while maintaining nearly the same regenerative and immunomodulatory effects compared to current cell-based therapies. Therefore, EVs have received increasing attention for diabetes-related complications in recent years. In this review, we provide an outlook on diabetic complications and summarizes new knowledge and advances in EV applications. Moreover, we highlight recommendations for future EV-related research.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34647239
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09680-y -
Chemistry & Biodiversity Oct 2022Diabetes is linked with various microvascular and macrovascular complications. Nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy are important microvascular complications of... (Review)
Review
Diabetes is linked with various microvascular and macrovascular complications. Nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy are important microvascular complications of diabetes. Different types of secondary metabolites including glycosides have been studied for their effects in diabetic complications. Various glycosides such as flavanoid glycosides and saponin glycosides are reported for their beneficial effects in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy by action on various pathways involved in the progression of these complications. Coumarin glycosides and cryanogenic glycosides have been studied for their effective role in diabetic nephropathy. Phenolic glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides also have beneficial role in diabetic neuropathy. The present review focuses on various classes of glycosides and their role in the prevention and treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Nephropathies; Glycosides; Diabetes Complications; Cardiovascular Diseases; Retinal Diseases; Coumarins; Anthraquinones; Saponins; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
PubMed: 36181446
DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200067 -
Current Diabetes Reviews 2023Diabetes mellitus, defined as long-standing hyperglycemic conditions caused by a defect in insulin production and activity, has become a major healthcare burden as the... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus, defined as long-standing hyperglycemic conditions caused by a defect in insulin production and activity, has become a major healthcare burden as the number of catastrophic and life-threatening complications rises. Microvascular complications (neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy), and also diabetes-related macrovascular complications are common problems that arise as the life expectancy of diabetic patients has increased despite improved treatment options. While it is impossible to pinpoint the specific crucial timing when the complications become fully entrenched, looking for novel sensitive biomarkers to identify physiological changes in the initial stages would be needed. An increasing amount of data shows that miRNAs, particularly miRNA146a, are stable in a range of body fluids and can be used to identify pathogenic changes at the cellular or tissue level. In this brief review, we highlight the important functioning of miRNA146a and its putative target of action in diabetic microvascular and cardiovascular complications. A decrease in miRNA146a levels may play a critical role in the onset and development of diabetes complications, whereas its anti-inflammatory properties were revealed to be associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and diabetes-related cardiovascular disorders, even tending to be a potential biomarker of the disease's inflammatory status.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Diabetic Retinopathy; Hyperglycemia; Retinal Diseases; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 36239723
DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666221014095715 -
Expert Review of Endocrinology &... Sep 2022Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the ninth leading cause of mortality globally, and the prevalence continues to rise. Among individuals with T2DM, over two-thirds of... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the ninth leading cause of mortality globally, and the prevalence continues to rise. Among individuals with T2DM, over two-thirds of deaths are caused by the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. These complications include atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, nephropathy, stroke, thromboembolism, peripheral vascular disease. They have been long studied, and there are several theories as to the pathophysiology of how diabetes leads to these complications. The least understood mechanism is the pathophysiology linking diabetes to heart failure.
AREAS COVERED
This review focuses on the mechanisms of how T2DM leads to the aforementioned complications, particularly highlighting the development of heart failure. An extensive literature review of novel therapeutic options targeting the cardiovascular effects of T2DM was completed and summarized in this review.
EXPERT OPINION
This review finds that most studies to date have focused on the atherosclerotic vascular complications of diabetes. The pathophysiology between T2DM and heart failure is even less understood. Currently therapies that aim to decrease the risk of heart failure in diabetes are sparse. More research is required in order to better understand the changes at a cellular level and subsequently help providers to choose therapeutics that better target cardiovascular complications.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Heart Failure; Humans
PubMed: 35831991
DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2099838 -
Current Vascular Pharmacology 2020
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32013814
DOI: 10.2174/157016111802200101155519 -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Dec 2023Copper is an essential trace metal for normal cellular functions; a lack of copper is reported to impair the function of important copper-binding enzymes, while excess... (Review)
Review
Copper is an essential trace metal for normal cellular functions; a lack of copper is reported to impair the function of important copper-binding enzymes, while excess copper could lead to cell death. Numerous studies have shown an association between dietary copper consumption or plasma copper levels and the incidence of diabetes/diabetes complications. And experimental studies have revealed multiple signaling pathways that are triggered by copper shortages or copper overload in diabetic conditions. Moreover, studies show that treated with copper chelators improve vascular function, maintain copper homeostasis, inhibit cuproptosis, and reduce cell toxicity, thereby alleviating diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanisms reported in these studies are inconsistent or even contradictory. This review summarizes the precise and tight regulation of copper homeostasis processes, and discusses the latest progress in the association of diabetes and dietary copper/plasma copper. Further, the study pays close attention to the therapeutic potential of copper chelators and copper in diabetes and its complications, and hopes to provide new insight for the treatment of diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Copper; Diabetes Mellitus; Trace Elements; Diabetes Complications; Chelating Agents
PubMed: 37863813
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300468 -
Journal of Diabetes Mar 2021
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin Resistance; MicroRNAs; Models, Biological; Stroke
PubMed: 33300237
DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13142 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Lung Diseases; Obesity
PubMed: 32765427
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00462 -
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift... Jan 2021Diabetic dyslipidemia is a major cause of the increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes. This lipid disorder is characterized by increased plasma triglycerides,...
Diabetic dyslipidemia is a major cause of the increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes. This lipid disorder is characterized by increased plasma triglycerides, increased remnant particles of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, small dense LDL particles and reduced HDL cholesterol. The main pathogenetic triggers are obesity and insulin resistance. In addition to lifestyle measures, statins, ezetimibe and eventually PCSK9 inhibitors are available to treat diabetic dyslipidemia and to reduce the cardiovascular risk. Fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids currently do not play a significant therapeutic role. A consistent and target-oriented therapy of diabetic dyslipidemia is a prerequisite for a cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with diabetes, which has been well proven in clinical studies.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Dyslipidemias; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypolipidemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Life Style; Lipids; Obesity
PubMed: 33465804
DOI: 10.1055/a-1202-3165 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022There seems to be a bidirectional interplay between Diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On the one hand, people with diabetes are at higher... (Review)
Review
There seems to be a bidirectional interplay between Diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On the one hand, people with diabetes are at higher risk of fatal or critical care unit-treated COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 related health complications compared to individuals without diabetes. On the other hand, clinical data so far suggest that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may result in metabolic dysregulation and in impaired glucose homeostasis. In addition, emerging data on new onset DM in previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 patients, reinforce the hypothesis of a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on glucose metabolism. Attempting to find the culprit, we currently know that the pancreas and the endothelium have been found to express Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, the main binding site of the virus. To move from bench to bedside, understanding the effects of COVID-19 on metabolism and glucose homeostasis is crucial to prevent and manage complications related to COVID-19 and support recovering patients. In this article we review the potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms between COVID-19 and glucose dysregulation as well as the effects of antidiabetic treatment in patients with diabetes and COVID-19.
Topics: COVID-19; Causality; Comorbidity; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Patient Acuity; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35250853
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.780663