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Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift Jan 2023Diabetes mellitus comprises of a group of heterogeneous disorders, which have an increase in blood glucose concentrations in common. The current classification for...
Diabetes mellitus comprises of a group of heterogeneous disorders, which have an increase in blood glucose concentrations in common. The current classification for diabetes mellitus is presented and the main features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are compared. Furthermore, the criteria for the correct biochemical diagnosis during fasting and oral glucose tolerance tests as well as the use of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are summarized. The increasing prevalence of diabetes requires targeted screening for detecting diabetes and prediabetes in risk groups. This forms the basis for the early initiation of measures to prevent the onset of diabetes in these risk groups and to delay the progression of diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Blood Glucose; Prediabetic State; Glycated Hemoglobin; Glucose Tolerance Test; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 37101021
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-022-02122-y -
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and... May 2021The review presents modern views about the role of oxidative stress reactions in the pathogenesis of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and their complications based on the... (Review)
Review
The review presents modern views about the role of oxidative stress reactions in the pathogenesis of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and their complications based on the analysis of experimental and clinical studies. The sources of increased ROS generation in diabetes are specified, including the main pathways of altered glucose metabolism, oxidative damage to pancreatic β-cells, and endothelial dysfunction. The relationship between oxidative stress, carbonyl stress, and inflammation is described. The significance of oxidative stress reactions associated with hyperglycemia is considered in the context of the "metabolic memory" phenomenon. The results of our studies demonstrated significant ethnic and age-related variability of the LPO-antioxidant defense system parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus, which should be considered during complex therapy of the disease. Numerous studies of the effectiveness of antioxidants in diabetes mellitus of both types convincingly proved that antioxidants should be a part of the therapeutic process. Modern therapeutic strategies in the treatment of diabetes mellitus are aimed at developing new methods of personalized antioxidant therapy, including ROS sources targeting combined with new ways of antioxidant delivery.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 34173093
DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05191-7 -
Diabetes Care Jan 2023The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the... (Review)
Review
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
Topics: Humans; Standard of Care; Diabetes Mellitus; Societies, Medical; Reference Standards; Endocrinology
PubMed: 36507649
DOI: 10.2337/dc23-S002 -
Nursing Standard (Royal College of... Jan 2022The incidence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing, and this condition often results in significant metabolic disease and severe complications. Nurses have a... (Review)
Review
The incidence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing, and this condition often results in significant metabolic disease and severe complications. Nurses have a crucial role in monitoring, educating and supporting people with diabetes, as well as their families and significant others. This article provides an overview of the main types and common symptoms of diabetes, its acute and long-term complications and its management. It also outlines the nurse's role in diabetes care, which frequently includes assessing and empowering patients.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents
PubMed: 34708622
DOI: 10.7748/ns.2021.e11709 -
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology... Dec 2019
Review
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 31860923
DOI: 10.1055/a-1018-9078 -
Diabetes Care Jan 2021The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide... (Review)
Review
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-SINT). Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Endocrinology; Humans; Reference Standards; Societies, Medical; Standard of Care
PubMed: 33298413
DOI: 10.2337/dc21-S002 -
Disease-a-month : DM Mar 2023Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a form of a hyperglycemic emergency mainly characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and anion gap metabolic acidosis. DKA may... (Review)
Review
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a form of a hyperglycemic emergency mainly characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and anion gap metabolic acidosis. DKA may be the initial presentation in approximately 25-40 % of patients with type 1 diabetes. It may also occur in at least 34% of patients with type 2 diabetes. DKA has economic as well as medical implications. This review aims to explore and discuss diabetic ketoacidosis, its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management, including nuances in special populations such as pediatrics, obstetrics, and patients with chronic kidney disease.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Child; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Acidosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diagnosis, Differential
PubMed: 35577617
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101418 -
Current Vascular Pharmacology 2020During the past decades, the prevalence of diabetes (DM) has increased significantly, mainly as a result of continuous rise in the incidence of type 2 DM. According to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
During the past decades, the prevalence of diabetes (DM) has increased significantly, mainly as a result of continuous rise in the incidence of type 2 DM. According to World Health Organization statistics, >422 million adults globally were suffering from DM in 2014 and a continuous rise in DM prevalence is expected.
OBJECTIVE
The present review considers recent epidemiological data providing worldwide estimates regarding the incidence of DM.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify available data from epidemiological studies evaluating the current burden of DM.
RESULTS
Over the past few decades the prevalence of DM has risen significantly in nearly all countries and may be considered as a growing epidemic. Urbanization and income status are major factors which influence current rates in the prevalence studies introducing interesting differences between several population groups.
CONCLUSION
Having recognized the global burden of DM, we now realize the urgent need for effective interventions. In order to monitor the public-health strategies and design effective future interventions we need reliable global estimates regarding the prevalence of DM.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Epidemics; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 30961501
DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190405165911 -
Cardiovascular Diabetology May 2021Several studies suggest that, together with glucose variability, the variability of other risk factors, as blood pressure, plasma lipids, heart rate, body weight, and... (Review)
Review
Several studies suggest that, together with glucose variability, the variability of other risk factors, as blood pressure, plasma lipids, heart rate, body weight, and serum uric acid, might play a role in the development of diabetes complications. Moreover, the variability of each risk factor, when contemporarily present, may have additive effects. However, the question is whether variability is causal or a marker. Evidence shows that the quality of care and the attainment of the target impact on the variability of all risk factors. On the other hand, for some of them causality may be considered. Although specific studies are still lacking, it should be useful checking the variability of a risk factor, together with its magnitude out of the normal range, in clinical practice. This can lead to an improvement of the quality of care, which, in turn, could further hesitate in an improvement of risk factors variability.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33962641
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01289-4 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications are metabolic diseases with high morbidity that result in poor quality of health and life. The lack of diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications are metabolic diseases with high morbidity that result in poor quality of health and life. The lack of diagnostic methods for early detection results in patients losing the best treatment opportunity. Oral hypoglycemics and exogenous insulin replenishment are currently the most common therapeutic strategies, which only yield temporary glycemic control rather than curing the disease and its complications. Exosomes are nanoparticles containing bioactive molecules reflecting individual physiological status, regulating metabolism, and repairing damaged tissues. They function as biomarkers of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Considering that exosomes are bioactive molecules, can be obtained from body fluid, and have cell-type specificity, in this review, we highlight the multifold effects of exosomes in the pathology and therapy of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Exosomes; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy
PubMed: 34764939
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.756581