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Nutrients Aug 2023This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese older adults; 28 adults consumed 3oz (n = 15) or 6oz (n = 13) of beef within a standardized DASH diet for 12 weeks. Plasma choline, betaine, methionine, dimethylglycine (DMG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphotidylcholine (LPC), sphingomyelin, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), L-carnitine, ceramide, and triglycerides were measured in fasted blood samples. Plasma LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species were also quantified. In response to the study diet, with beef intake groups combined, plasma choline decreased by 9.6% ( = 0.012); DMG decreased by 10% ( = 0.042); PC decreased by 51% ( < 0.001); total LPC increased by 281% ( < 0.001); TMAO increased by 26.5% ( < 0.001); total ceramide decreased by 22.1% ( < 0.001); and triglycerides decreased by 18% ( = 0.021). All 20 LPC species measured increased ( < 0.01) with LPC 16:0 having the greatest response. Sphingomyelin 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 increased (all < 0.001) by 10.4%, 22.5%, and 24%, respectively. In contrast, we observed that sphingomyelin 24:0 significantly decreased by 10%. Ceramide 22:0 and 24:0 decreased by 27.6% and 10.9% ( < 0.001), respectively, and ceramide 24:1 increased by 36.8% ( = 0.013). Changes in choline and choline metabolites were in association with anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. These findings show the impact of the DASH diet on choline metabolism in older adults and demonstrate the influence of diet to modify circulating LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Ceramides; Choline; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Lecithins; Meat; Sphingomyelins
PubMed: 37686719
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173687 -
Adipocyte Dec 2022Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that interacts via 5 G-protein coupled receptors, S1PR1-5, to regulate signalling pathways critical to...
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that interacts via 5 G-protein coupled receptors, S1PR1-5, to regulate signalling pathways critical to biological processes including cell growth, immune cell trafficking, and inflammation.We demonstrate that in Type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects, plasma S1P levels significantly increased in response to the anti-diabetic drug, rosiglitazone, and, S1P levels correlated positively with measures of improved glucose homeostasis. In HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 J mice S1PR3 gene expression was increased in adipose tissues (AT) and liver compared with low fat diet (LFD)-fed counterparts. On a HFD, weight gain was similar in both S1PR3-/- mice and WT littermates; however, HFD-fed S1PR3-/- mice exhibited a phenotype of partial lipodystrophy, exacerbated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. This worsened metabolic phenotype of HFD-fed S1PR3-/- mice was mechanistically linked with increased adipose inflammation, adipose macrophage and T-cell accumulation, hepatic inflammation and hepatic steatosis. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes S1P increased adipogenesis and S1P-S1PR3 signalling regulated the expression of PPARγ, suggesting a novel role for this signalling pathway in the adipogenic program. These results reveal an anti-diabetic role for S1P, and, that S1P-S1PR3 signalling in the adipose and liver defends against excessive inflammation and steatosis to maintain metabolic homeostasis at key regulatory pathways.
Topics: Animals; Biological Phenomena; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Liver; Humans; Inflammation; Lysophospholipids; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Sphingosine; Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors
PubMed: 35094654
DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.2021700 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2021Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis is used to measure the microbial biomass and the phospholipids present in the environmental samples. Microalgae spirulina is...
Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis is used to measure the microbial biomass and the phospholipids present in the environmental samples. Microalgae spirulina is found to be a rich source of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and has been used as a neutraceutical and regenerative medicine in the biotechnological industries as PUFAs are not synthesized in the human body due to the lack of enzymes for their bioconversion and must be supplied through the diet. Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) are the two most important long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in the human physiology, and their precursors stearic acid (ω-9), linoleic acid (ω-6), and gamma linolenic acid (ω-6) were found to be in higher concentrations in Spirulina platensis. GC or GC-MS is used to analyze the presence of PLFA in the sample. The PLFA analysis was carried to detect the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the Spirulina platensis which are the essential components in the diet of humans. The analysis involves overnight drying of the sample and followed by Bligh-Dyer lipid extraction. The obtained extract is dried and dissolved in chloroform and loaded onto a 96-well solid phase extraction plate. The eluted phospholipids are dried and transesterified. The resulting fatty acid methyl esters are analyzed by GC and quantified relative to an internal standard.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Phospholipids; Spirulina
PubMed: 35023103
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_21 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2024Human milk, which contains various nutrients, is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. Healthy human milk meets all the nutritional needs of early infant... (Review)
Review
Human milk, which contains various nutrients, is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. Healthy human milk meets all the nutritional needs of early infant development. Polar lipids mainly exist in the milk fat globule membrane, accounting for approximately 1-2% of human milk lipids; sphingomyelin (SM) accounts for approximately 21-24% of polar lipids. SM plays an important role in promoting the development of the brain and nervous system, regulating intestinal flora, and improving skin barriers. Though SM could be synthesized de novo, SM nutrition from dietary is also important for infants. The content and composition of SM in human milk has been reported, however, the molecular mechanisms of nutritional functions of SM for infants required further research. This review summarizes the functional mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and compositional, influencing factors, and mimicking of SM in human milk, and highlights the challenges of improving maternal and infant early/long-term nutrition.
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Sphingomyelins; Milk, Human; Diet; Nutritional Status; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38520905
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138991 -
Biomolecules Sep 2020Polymorphisms of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β orPLA2G6) are positively associated with adiposity, blood lipids, and Type-2 diabetes.... (Review)
Review
Polymorphisms of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β orPLA2G6) are positively associated with adiposity, blood lipids, and Type-2 diabetes. Theubiquitously expressed iPLA2β catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids (PLs) to generate a fattyacid and a lysoPL. We studied the role of iPLA2β on PL metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD). By using global deletion iPLA2β-null mice, we investigated three NAFLD mousemodels; genetic Ob/Ob and long-term high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding (representing obese NAFLD) aswell as feeding with methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet (representing non-obeseNAFLD). A decrease of hepatic PLs containing monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acidsand a decrease of the ratio between PLs and cholesterol esters were observed in all three NAFLDmodels. iPLA2β deficiency rescued these decreases in obese, but not in non-obese, NAFLD models.iPLA2β deficiency elicited protection against fatty liver and obesity in the order of Ob/Ob › HFD »MCD. Liver inflammation was not protected in HFD NAFLD, and that liver fibrosis was evenexaggerated in non-obese MCD model. Thus, the rescue of hepatic PL remodeling defect observedin iPLA2β-null mice was critical for the protection against NAFLD and obesity. However, iPLA2βdeletion in specific cell types such as macrophages may render liver inflammation and fibrosis,independent of steatosis protection.
Topics: Animals; Fibrosis; Group VI Phospholipases A2; Inflammation; Liver; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Phospholipids
PubMed: 32957701
DOI: 10.3390/biom10091332 -
Nutrients Jul 2021Herein, we investigate whether: (1) the administration of glucose or a lipid emulsion is useful in liver transplantation (LT) using steatotic (induced genetically or...
Herein, we investigate whether: (1) the administration of glucose or a lipid emulsion is useful in liver transplantation (LT) using steatotic (induced genetically or nutritionally) or non-steatotic livers from donors after brain death (DBDs); and (2) any such benefits are due to reductions in intestinal damage and consequently to gut microbiota preservation. In recipients from DBDs, we show increased hepatic damage and failure in the maintenance of ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor (HGF, IGF1 and VEGFA) levels, compared to recipients from non-DBDs. In recipients of non-steatotic grafts from DBDs, the administration of glucose or lipids did not protect against hepatic damage. This was associated with unchanged ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor levels. However, the administration of lipids in steatotic grafts from DBDs protected against damage and ATP and glycogen drop and increased phospholipid levels. This was associated with increases in growth factors. In all recipients from DBDs, intestinal inflammation and damage (evaluated by LPS, vascular permeability, mucosal damage, TLR4, TNF, IL1, IL-10, MPO, MDA and edema formation) was not shown. In such cases, potential changes in gut microbiota would not be relevant since neither inflammation nor damage was evidenced in the intestine following LT in any of the groups evaluated. In conclusion, lipid treatment is the preferable nutritional support to protect against hepatic damage in steatotic LT from DBDs; the benefits were independent of alterations in the recipient intestine.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain Death; Disease Models, Animal; Emulsions; Fatty Liver; Glucose; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Intestines; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Liver Transplantation; Male; Obesity; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Zucker; Soybean Oil; Tissue Donors
PubMed: 34444713
DOI: 10.3390/nu13082554 -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Oct 2022Colon metabolomes associated with high-fat (H) versus energy-restricted (E) diets in early colorectal cancer (CRC) models have never been directly compared. The...
SCOPE
Colon metabolomes associated with high-fat (H) versus energy-restricted (E) diets in early colorectal cancer (CRC) models have never been directly compared. The objectives of this study are to elucidate metabolites associated with diet, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and diet:ACF interaction, using a lifetime murine model.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Three-week-old mice consumed control (C), E, or H initiation diets for 18 weeks. ACF formation is initiated weeks 16-21 with azoxymethane injections, followed by progression diet crossover (to C, E, or H) through week 60. Colon extracts are analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Metabolites associated with diet, ACF, or diet:ACF are determined using regression models (FDR-adjusted p-value <0.05). No metabolites are significantly associated with initiation diets, but concentrations of acylcarnitines and phospholipids are associated with C, E, and H progression diets. Purines, taurine, and phospholipids are associated with ACF presence. No significant associations between metabolites and diet:ACF interaction are observed.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that recent, rather than early-life, diet is more closely associated with the colon metabolome, particularly lipid metabolism. Results from this study also provide candidate biomarkers of early CRC development and provide support for the importance of early diet on influencing pre-CRC risk.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Aberrant Crypt Foci; Phospholipids; Taurine; Colonic Neoplasms; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Azoxymethane; Colon; Energy Intake; Diet; Purines; Carcinogens; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 35969485
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200180 -
Nutrients Aug 2021Population aging has recently been an important issue as the number of elderly people is growing worldwide every year, and the extension of social security costs is... (Review)
Review
Population aging has recently been an important issue as the number of elderly people is growing worldwide every year, and the extension of social security costs is financially costly. The increase in the number of elderly people with cognitive decline is a serious problem related to the aging of populations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider not only physical care but also cognitive patterns in the future care of older adults. Since food contains a variety of bioactive substances, dietary patterns may help improve age-related cognitive decline. However, the relationship between cognitive function and individual food components remains ambiguous as no clear efficacy or mechanism has been confirmed. Against this background, this review summarizes previous reports on the biological process of cognitive decline in the elderly and the relationship between individual compounds in foods and cognitive function, as well as the role of individual components of food in cognitive function, in the following order: lipids, carotenoids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Based on the research presented in this review, a proper diet that preserves cognitive function has the potential to improve age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Hopefully, this review will help to trigger the development of new foods and technologies that improve aging and cognitive functions and extend the healthy life span.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 34444965
DOI: 10.3390/nu13082804 -
Lipids Nov 2020There has been increasing interest in vegan diets, but how this dietary pattern regulates tissue fatty acids (FA), especially in men, is unclear. Our aim was to evaluate...
There has been increasing interest in vegan diets, but how this dietary pattern regulates tissue fatty acids (FA), especially in men, is unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a vegan diet on plasma, erythrocyte, and spermatozoa FA composition in young men. Two groups consisting of 67 young (18-25 years old) men were studied. One group following an omnivore diet but did not consume fish, shellfish or other marine foods (control, n = 33), and another group following a vegan diet (vegan, n = 34) for at least 12 months were compared. Dietary intake was assessed via a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-h recall. FA composition was measured in plasma, erythrocyte phospholipids, and spermatozoa by gas-liquid chromatography. Compared to controls, the vegan group had higher reported intakes of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins (C, E, K, and folate), and minerals (copper, potassium) but lower intakes of cholesterol, trans FA, vitamins B , D, and B , and minerals (calcium, iron, and zinc). Vegan's reported a lower saturated FA and not arachidonic acid intake, both groups did not intake eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but vegan's showed a higher alpha linolenic acid ALA intake. Vegans had higher plasma, erythrocyte phospholipid, and spermatozoa ALA, but lower levels of other n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), especially DHA. Vegans were characterized by higher ALA, but lower levels of other n-3 PUFA, especially DHA in plasma, erythrocytes, and spermatozoids. The biological significance of these findings requires further study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diet, Vegan; Eating; Energy Intake; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Humans; Male; Phospholipids; Spermatozoa; Vegans; Young Adult
PubMed: 32757304
DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12265 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Apr 2022Fatty acids (e.g. 16:1n-7) and desaturase indices (e.g. stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD) in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) and phospholipids (PL) are used as biomarkers of...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Fatty acids (e.g. 16:1n-7) and desaturase indices (e.g. stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD) in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) and phospholipids (PL) are used as biomarkers of dietary fat quality and lipid metabolism and are associated with disease outcomes. Endogenously produced circulating fatty acids are believed to reflect composition of the liver, yet little data exist to support such relationship. We investigated associations between circulating fatty acids and fatty acids within the liver.
METHODS
Liver biopsies and blood were collected from n = 60 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fatty acids in CE, PL and triglycerides (TG) in plasma and liver were analyzed using gas chromatography. Associations were assessed using Spearman rank correlations.
RESULTS
Overall, fatty acids and desaturase indices in plasma PL and TG showed moderate-strong correlations with fatty acids and desaturase indices in corresponding lipid fractions in liver. For plasma CE, 16:1n-7 and SCD were correlated with 16:1n-7 and SCD in liver CE. Noteworthy, fatty acids in plasma CE and PL also showed moderate-strong correlations with fatty acids in liver TG (e.g. r = 0.82-0.87 for 16:1n-7 and r = 0.77 for SCD).
CONCLUSION
We demonstrate that fatty acids in circulating lipid fractions, including CE, TG and PL, reflects the composition of liver TG in humans, suggesting that circulating fatty acids might be useful biomarkers for the fatty acid composition of the liver. As liver tissue is rarely available in cohort studies, our findings could enhance our understanding of plasma fatty acids as markers of hepatic lipid metabolism and their links to metabolic diseases.
Topics: Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Liver; Phospholipids; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Triglycerides
PubMed: 35263689
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.005