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Nutrients Jul 2023The intake of linoleic acid (LA) has increased dramatically in the standard American diet. LA is generally promoted as supporting human health, but there exists... (Review)
Review
The intake of linoleic acid (LA) has increased dramatically in the standard American diet. LA is generally promoted as supporting human health, but there exists controversy regarding whether the amount of LA currently consumed in the standard American diet supports human health. The goal of this narrative review is to explore the mechanisms that underlie the hypothesis that excessive LA intake may harm human health. While LA is considered to be an essential fatty acid and support health when consumed in modest amounts, an excessive intake of LA leads to the formation of oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs), impairments in mitochondrial function through suboptimal cardiolipin composition, and likely contributes to many chronic diseases that became an epidemic in the 20th century, and whose prevalence continues to increase. The standard American diet comprises 14 to 25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids, with the majority of omega-6 intake coming from LA. As LA consumption increases, the potential for OXLAM formation also increases. OXLAMs have been associated with various illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease, among others. Lowering dietary LA intake can help reduce the production and accumulation of OXLAMs implicated in chronic diseases. While there are other problematic components in the standard American diet, the half-life of LA is approximately two years, which means the damage can be far more persistent than other dietary factors, and the impact of reducing excessive LA intake takes time. Therefore, additional research-evaluating approaches to reduce OXLAM formation and cardiolipin derangements following LA consumption are warranted.
Topics: Humans; Linoleic Acid; Cardiolipins; Chronic Disease; Diet
PubMed: 37513547
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143129 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Dec 2022Hydrolyzed guar gum has gained attention as an anti-obesity agent; however, few studies have focused on its role in amelioration of hepatic-associated metabolic...
Hydrolyzed guar gum has gained attention as an anti-obesity agent; however, few studies have focused on its role in amelioration of hepatic-associated metabolic processes. Here, the anti-obesity effect of low molecular weight hydrolyzed guar gum (GMLP, 1-10 kDa) on high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 J mice was investigated via transcriptome and metabolome in liver. GMLP reduced body weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation dose-dependently, regulated blood lipid levels, and improved liver damage in HFD-fed mice. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome indicated that GMLP mainly altered lipid metabolism pathways (glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and fatty acid degradation), reduced disease biomarkers of ethyl glucuronide and neopterin, and increased levels of choline, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and pantetheine metabolites. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that GMLP downregulated key genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and triacylglycerol synthesis, while promoting fatty acid oxidation and choline synthesis. This study provides a theoretical basis for GMLP treatment in future clinical applications.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Biomarkers; Choline; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Acids; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; Galactans; Glycerophospholipids; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Mannans; Metabolome; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neopterin; Obesity; Pantetheine; Plant Gums; Transcriptome; Triglycerides
PubMed: 36184152
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120051 -
Diabetes Care Sep 2023Few trials studied the links of food components in different diets with their induced lipidomic changes and related metabolic outcomes. Thus, we investigated specific... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Diet-Related Lipidomic Signatures and Changed Type 2 Diabetes Risk in a Randomized Controlled Feeding Study With Mediterranean Diet and Traditional Chinese or Transitional Diets.
OBJECTIVE
Few trials studied the links of food components in different diets with their induced lipidomic changes and related metabolic outcomes. Thus, we investigated specific lipidomic signatures with habitual diets and modified diabetes risk by using a trial and a cohort.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We included 231 Chinese with overweight and prediabetes in a randomized feeding trial with Mediterranean, traditional, or transitional diets (control diet) from February to September 2019. Plasma lipidomic profiles were measured at baseline, third month, and sixth month by high-throughput targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Associations of the identified lipids with habitual dietary intakes were examined in another lipidomic database of a Chinese cohort (n = 1,117). The relationships between diet-induced changes of lipidomic species and diabetes risk factors were further investigated through both individual lipids and relevant modules in the trial.
RESULTS
Out of 364 lipidomic species, 26 altered across groups, including 12 triglyceride (TAG) fractions, nine plasmalogens, four phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and one phosphatidylethanolamine. TAG fractions and PCs were associated with habitual fish intake while plasmalogens were associated with red meat intake in the cohort. Of the diet-related lipidomic metabolites, 10 TAG fractions and PC(16:0/22:6) were associated with improved Matsuda index (β = 0.12 to 0.42; PFDR < 0.030). Two plasmalogens were associated with deteriorated fasting glucose (β = 0.29 to 0.31; PFDR < 0.014). Similar results were observed for TAG and plasmalogen related modules.
CONCLUSIONS
These fish- and red meat-related lipidomic signatures sensitively reflected different diets and modified type 2 diabetes risk factors, critical for optimizing dietary patterns.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Diet, Mediterranean; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Lipidomics; East Asian People; Plasmalogens; Diet
PubMed: 37463495
DOI: 10.2337/dc23-0314 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Mar 2022Sphingomyelin (SM) is a widely occurring sphingolipid that is a major plasma membrane constituent. Milk and dairy products are rich SM sources, and human milk has high... (Review)
Review
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a widely occurring sphingolipid that is a major plasma membrane constituent. Milk and dairy products are rich SM sources, and human milk has high SM content. Numerous studies have evaluated the roles of SM in maintaining cell membrane structure and cellular signal transduction. There has been a growing interest in exploring the role of dietary SM, especially from human milk, in imparting health benefits. This review focuses on recent publications regarding SM content in several dietary sources and dietary SM metabolism. SM digestion and absorption are slow and incomplete and mainly occur in the middle sections of the small intestine. This review also evaluates the effect of dietary SM on gut health and cognitive development. Studies indicate that SM may promote gut health by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption in adults. However, there has been a lack of data supporting clinical trials. An association between milk SM and neural development is evident before childhood. Hence, additional studies and well-designed randomized controlled trials that incorporate dietary SM evaluation, SM metabolism, and its long-term functions on infants and children are required.
Topics: Child; Adult; Infant; Humans; Animals; Sphingomyelins; Diet; Cognition; Milk
PubMed: 34549256
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab117 -
Nutrition Reviews Dec 2021Low-quality dietary patterns impair cardiometabolic health by increasing the risk of obesity-related disorders. Cardiometabolic risk relative to dairy-food consumption... (Review)
Review
Low-quality dietary patterns impair cardiometabolic health by increasing the risk of obesity-related disorders. Cardiometabolic risk relative to dairy-food consumption continues to be a controversial topic, due to recommendations that endorse low-fat and nonfat dairy foods over full-fat varieties despite accumulated evidence that does not strongly support these recommendations. Controlled human studies and mechanistic preclinical investigations support that full-fat dairy foods decrease cardiometabolic risk by promoting gut health, reducing inflammation, and managing dyslipidemia. These gut- and systemic-level cardiometabolic benefits are attributed, at least in part, to milk polar lipids (MPLs) derived from the phospholipid- and sphingolipid-rich milk fat globule membrane that is of higher abundance in full-fat dairy milk. The controversy surrounding full-fat dairy food consumption is discussed in this review relative to cardiometabolic health and MPL bioactivities that alleviate dyslipidemia, shift gut microbiota composition, and reduce inflammation. This summary, therefore, is expected to advance the understanding of full-fat dairy foods through their MPLs and the need for translational research to establish evidence-based dietary recommendations.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dairy Products; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Dyslipidemias; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Milk
PubMed: 34879146
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab085 -
Cell Biology and Toxicology Dec 2023We present an integrated analysis of the clinical measurements, immune cells, and plasma lipidomics of 2000 individuals representing different age stages. In the study,...
We present an integrated analysis of the clinical measurements, immune cells, and plasma lipidomics of 2000 individuals representing different age stages. In the study, we explore the interplay of systemic lipids metabolism and circulating immune cells through in-depth analysis of immune cell phenotype and function in peripheral dynamic lipids environment. The population makeup of circulation lymphocytes and lipid metabolites changes dynamically with age. We identified a major shift between young group and middle age group, at which point elevated, immune response is accompanied by the elevation of specific classes of peripheral phospholipids. We tested the effects in mouse model and found that 10-month-dietary added phospholipids induced T-cell senescence. However, the chronic malignant disease, the crosstalk between systemic metabolism and immunity, is completely changed. In cancer patients, the unusual plasma cholesteryl esters emerged, and free fatty acids decreased. The study reveals how immune cell classes and peripheral metabolism coordinate during age acceleration and suggests immune senescence is not isolated, and thus, system effect is the critical point for cell- and function-specific immune-metabolic targeting. • The study identifies a major shift of immune phenotype between young group and middle age group, and the immune response is accompanied by the elevation of specific classes of peripheral phospholipids; • The study suggests potential implications for translational studies such as using metabolic drug to regulate immune activity.
Topics: Middle Aged; Mice; Animals; Humans; Phospholipids; T-Cell Exhaustion; Fatty Acids; Cholesterol Esters
PubMed: 37261679
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09811-y -
Molecular Microbiology Aug 2023Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic and versatile organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. LDs consist of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids, a phospholipid monolayer... (Review)
Review
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic and versatile organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. LDs consist of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids, a phospholipid monolayer coat, and a variety of associated proteins. LDs are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum and have diverse roles in lipid storage, energy metabolism, membrane trafficking, and cellular signaling. In addition to their physiological cellular functions, LDs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and infections. A number of intracellular bacterial pathogens modulate and/or interact with LDs during host cell infection. Members of the genera Mycobacterium, Legionella, Coxiella, Chlamydia, and Salmonella exploit LDs as a source of intracellular nutrients and membrane components to establish their distinct intracellular replicative niches. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis, interactions, and functions of LDs, as well as on their role in lipid metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Topics: Lipid Droplets; Diet; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 37429596
DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15120 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Macrophages are essential for the proper inflammatory and reparative processes that lead to regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. Recent studies have...
Macrophages are essential for the proper inflammatory and reparative processes that lead to regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. Recent studies have demonstrated close links between the function of activated macrophages and their cellular metabolism. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and has been shown to affect the activated states of macrophages. However, its role in tissue repair and regeneration is poorly understood. Here we show that systemic deletion of , encoding SREBP1, or macrophage-specific deletion of , encoding SREBP1a, delays resolution of inflammation and impairs skeletal muscle regeneration after injury. deficiency impairs mitochondrial function in macrophages and suppresses the accumulation of macrophages at sites of muscle injury. Lipidomic analyses showed the reduction of major phospholipid species in muscle myeloid cells. Moreover, diet supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid restored the accumulation of macrophages and their mitochondrial gene expression and improved muscle regeneration. Collectively, our results demonstrate that SREBP1 in macrophages is essential for repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury and suggest that SREBP1-mediated fatty acid metabolism and phospholipid remodeling are critical for proper macrophage function in tissue repair.
Topics: Macrophages; Muscle, Skeletal; Phospholipids; Regeneration; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; Animals; Mice
PubMed: 38259495
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1251784 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Jun 2023The liver plays a central role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Aberrant insulin action in the liver is a major driver of selective insulin resistance, in...
The liver plays a central role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Aberrant insulin action in the liver is a major driver of selective insulin resistance, in which insulin fails to suppress glucose production but continues to activate lipogenesis in the liver, resulting in hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The underlying mechanisms of selective insulin resistance are not fully understood. Here It is shown that hepatic membrane phospholipid composition controlled by lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3) regulates insulin signaling and systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Hyperinsulinemia induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding augments hepatic Lpcat3 expression and membrane unsaturation. Loss of Lpcat3 in the liver improves insulin resistance and blunts lipogenesis in both HFD-fed and genetic ob/ob mouse models. Mechanistically, Lpcat3 deficiency directly facilitates insulin receptor endocytosis, signal transduction, and hepatic glucose production suppression and indirectly enhances fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion, energy expenditure, and glucose uptake in adipose tissue. These findings identify hepatic LPCAT3 and membrane phospholipid composition as a novel regulator of insulin sensitivity and provide insights into the pathogenesis of selective insulin resistance.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Insulin Resistance; Phospholipids; Liver; Glucose; Insulin; 1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase
PubMed: 37088778
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300416 -
Nutrients Jul 2022Over the last few years, the vegan diet has become increasingly popular in Germany. It has been proposed that this diet is generally lower in fat, but less is known...
Over the last few years, the vegan diet has become increasingly popular in Germany. It has been proposed that this diet is generally lower in fat, but less is known about the impact on fatty acid (FA) profiles. Therefore, the cross-sectional “Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet” (RBVD) study (n = 72) was used to investigate dietary FA intake as well as plasma phospholipid FA in vegans (n = 36) compared to omnivores (n = 36). Vegans had a significantly lower dietary intake of total fat (median 86 g/day, IQR 64−111) in comparison to omnivores (median 104 g/day, IQR 88−143, p = 0.004). Further, vegans had a lower intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p < 0.0001) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p = 0.001) compared to omnivores. Vegans had a higher intake in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA compared to omnivores, but without statistical significance after Bonferroni correction. According to plasma phospholipid profiles, relatively lower proportions of SFA (p < 0.0001), total trans fatty acids (TFA) (p = 0.0004) and omega-3-FA (p < 0.0001), but higher proportions of omega-6-FA (p < 0.0001) were observed in vegans. With the exception of omega-3 PUFA, a vegan diet is associated with a more favorable dietary fat intake and more favorable plasma FA profiles and therefore may reduce cardiovascular risk.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet, Vegan; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Phospholipids; Risk Assessment; Vegans
PubMed: 35889855
DOI: 10.3390/nu14142900