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BioFactors (Oxford, England) Jul 2022Pregnancy is accompanied by a surge in demand for fatty acids (FAs) in order to support maternal health, as well as fetal growth and development. Of particular demand is... (Review)
Review
Pregnancy is accompanied by a surge in demand for fatty acids (FAs) in order to support maternal health, as well as fetal growth and development. Of particular demand is essential for long-chain polyunsaturated FAs. FAs are primarily obtained from dietary sources and are distributed in the body. In comparison with the use of self-reporting approaches, measuring the FA levels within different blood compartments can present a more accurate image of nutritional, and thus tissue, FA composition. Hence, the FA profile of plasma or serum is commonly used for physiological analyses. Nevertheless, plasma and serum FAs are not yet incorporated into cell membranes, and consequently may not be a suitable reflection of the FA status of body tissues. The evaluation of erythrocyte FA levels offers a superior possibility for the following reasons: the biological fluctuation of erythrocyte FA composition is low, phospholipids account for almost all the lipid content of erythrocytes, and the FA profiles of erythrocytes represent those of tissues. Here, we elaborate on whether the status of maternal erythrocyte FAs can serve as a prognostic biomarker for reproductive health and fetomaternal complications, including embryonic and fetoplacental development, gestational length, and preeclampsia. In addition, factors with the potential of altering the maternal erythrocyte FAs such as maternal diet, lifestyle habits, genetics, and body composition are discussed.
Topics: Biomarkers; Body Composition; Diet; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35357720
DOI: 10.1002/biof.1840 -
Cells Dec 2020Lipids are important molecules for human health. The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet have important effects on the modulation of both the natural... (Review)
Review
Lipids are important molecules for human health. The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet have important effects on the modulation of both the natural biosynthesis and degradation of lipids. There is an important number of lipid-failed associated metabolic diseases and an increasing number of studies suggesting that certain types of lipids might be beneficial to the treatment of many metabolic diseases. The aim of the present work is to expose an overview of biosynthesis, storage, and degradation of lipids in mammalian cells, as well as, to review the published data describing the beneficial effects of these processes and the potential of some dietary lipids to improve metabolic diseases.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biomarkers; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Eicosanoids; GTP Phosphohydrolases; Homeostasis; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; Mitochondrial Proteins; Phospholipids; Sterols; Triglycerides
PubMed: 33291746
DOI: 10.3390/cells9122605 -
Nature Metabolism Feb 2021Proregenerative responses are required for the restoration of nervous-system functionality in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Yet, the limiting...
Proregenerative responses are required for the restoration of nervous-system functionality in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Yet, the limiting factors responsible for poor CNS repair are only partially understood. Here, we test the impact of a Western diet (WD) on phagocyte function in a mouse model of demyelinating injury that requires microglial innate immune function for a regenerative response to occur. We find that WD feeding triggers an ageing-related, dysfunctional metabolic response that is associated with impaired myelin-debris clearance in microglia, thereby impairing lesion recovery after demyelination. Mechanistically, we detect enhanced transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling, which suppresses the activation of the liver X receptor (LXR)-regulated genes involved in cholesterol efflux, thereby inhibiting phagocytic clearance of myelin and cholesterol. Blocking TGFβ or promoting triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) activity restores microglia responsiveness and myelin-debris clearance after demyelinating injury. Thus, we have identified a druggable microglial immune checkpoint mechanism regulating the microglial response to injury that promotes remyelination.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Cholesterol; Demyelinating Diseases; Diet; Diet, Western; Immunity, Innate; Liver X Receptors; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Myelin Sheath; Phagocytes; Receptors, Immunologic; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 33619376
DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00341-7 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia in the elderly. Although impaired cognition and memory are the most prominent features of AD,...
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia in the elderly. Although impaired cognition and memory are the most prominent features of AD, abnormalities in visual functions often precede them, and are increasingly being used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for the disease. Retina contains the highest concentration of the essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the body, and its deficiency is associated with several retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that enriching retinal DHA through a novel dietary approach could ameliorate symptoms of retinopathy in 5XFAD mice, a widely employed model of AD. The results show that 5XFAD mice have significantly lower retinal DHA compared to their wild type littermates, and feeding the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) form of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) rapidly normalizes the DHA levels, and increases retinal EPA by several-fold. On the other hand, feeding similar amounts of DHA and EPA in the form of triacylglycerol had only modest effects on retinal DHA and EPA. Electroretinography measurements after 2 months of feeding the experimental diets showed a significant improvement in a-wave and b-wave functions by the LPC-diet, whereas the TAG-diet had only a modest benefit. Retinal amyloid β levels were decreased by about 50% by the LPC-DHA/EPA diet, and by about 17% with the TAG-DHA/EPA diet. These results show that enriching retinal DHA and EPA through dietary LPC could potentially improve visual abnormalities associated with AD.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Retina; Retinal Diseases; Diet
PubMed: 37280266
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36268-0 -
Nature Communications May 2023Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP; synonym StarD2) is a soluble lipid-binding protein that transports phosphatidylcholine (PC) between cellular membranes. To...
Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP; synonym StarD2) is a soluble lipid-binding protein that transports phosphatidylcholine (PC) between cellular membranes. To better understand the protective metabolic effects associated with hepatic PC-TP, we generated a hepatocyte-specific PC-TP knockdown (L-Pctp) in male mice, which gains less weight and accumulates less liver fat compared to wild-type mice when challenged with a high-fat diet. Hepatic deletion of PC-TP also reduced adipose tissue mass and decreases levels of triglycerides and phospholipids in skeletal muscle, liver and plasma. Gene expression analysis suggest that the observed metabolic changes are related to transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferative activating receptor (PPAR) family members. An in-cell protein complementation screen between lipid transfer proteins and PPARs uncovered a direct interaction between PC-TP and PPARδ that was not observed for other PPARs. We confirmed the PC-TP- PPARδ interaction in Huh7 hepatocytes, where it was found to repress PPARδ-mediated transactivation. Mutations of PC-TP residues implicated in PC binding and transfer reduce the PC-TP-PPARδ interaction and relieve PC-TP-mediated PPARδ repression. Reduction of exogenously supplied methionine and choline reduces the interaction while serum starvation enhances the interaction in cultured hepatocytes. Together our data points to a ligand sensitive PC-TP- PPARδ interaction that suppresses PPAR activity.
Topics: Male; Animals; Mice; PPAR delta; Phosphatidylcholines; Ligands; Fatty Liver; Liver; Diet
PubMed: 37173315
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38010-w -
The British Journal of Nutrition Jan 2022There is limited knowledge about the metabolism and function of n-3 very-long-chain PUFA (n-3 VLC-PUFA) with chain lengths ≥ 24. They are known to be produced...
There is limited knowledge about the metabolism and function of n-3 very-long-chain PUFA (n-3 VLC-PUFA) with chain lengths ≥ 24. They are known to be produced endogenously in certain tissues from EPA and DHA and not considered to originate directly from dietary sources. The aim of this study was to investigate whether n-3 VLC-PUFA from dietary sources are bio-available and deposited in tissues of rat, fish and mouse. Rats were fed diets supplemented with a natural fish oil (FO) as a source of low dietary levels of n-3 VLC-PUFA, while Atlantic salmon and mice were fed higher dietary levels of n-3 VLC-PUFA from a FO concentrate. In all experiments, n-3 VLC-PUFA incorporation in organs was investigated. We found that natural FO, due to its high EPA content, to a limited extent increased endogenous production of n-3 VLC-PUFA in brain and eye of mice with neglectable amounts of n-3 VLC-PUFA originating from diet. When higher dietary levels were given in the form of concentrate, these fatty acids were bio-available and deposited in both phospholipids and TAG fractions of all tissues studied, including skin, eye, brain, testis, liver and heart, and their distribution appeared to be tissue-dependent, but not species-specific. When dietary EPA and DHA were balanced and n-3 VLC-PUFA increased, the major n-3 VLC-PUFA from the concentrate increased significantly in the organs studied, showing that these fatty acids can be provided through diet and thereby provide a tool for functional studies of these VLC-PUFA.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fish Oils; Male; Mice; Rats; Salmo salar
PubMed: 33750483
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521000817 -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery May 2021In the United States, the use of herbal supplements on a regular basis ranges from 32% to 97%. Prevalence of supplement use is particularly elevated after facial... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In the United States, the use of herbal supplements on a regular basis ranges from 32% to 97%. Prevalence of supplement use is particularly elevated after facial surgery. It has been reported as high as 50%. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of literature on the dietary use of supplements. They are not regulated by the FDA. Often, they are not reported by patients. This study examines the role of dietary supplements as adjuncts to healing in craniofacial and facial aesthetic surgeries.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE. Databases were screened for papers describing the use of supplements in craniofacial procedures in adult patients using relevant search terms. Data on criteria, outcomes, and patient satisfaction were collected.
RESULTS
A total of 19 articles were selected from the 806 identified. Fifteen different supplements or combinations of supplements have been studied for use in facial surgeries. Of these 15 supplements, the following demonstrated potential healing benefits: dry ivy leaf extract, Nazalzem ointment (vitamin A and dexpanthenol), combination nasal sprays (phospholipids, fatty acids, vitamin A, and vitamin E), Saireito pills, topical olive oil, yunnan baiyao, melilotus extract, arnica, and combination arnica and ledum. Arnica is the most commonly studied supplement in a variety of facial operations.
CONCLUSIONS
There is ample evidence to support a role for the use of certain dietary supplements to optimize wound healing in craniofacial and facial aesthetic surgery. Controlled diet and use of appropriate supplements may have a synergistic beneficial effect on wound healing following craniofacial surgery. However, there is a need for additional reporting to allow for the creation of stronger guidelines and increased patient screening, reporting, and compliance.
Topics: Adult; China; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Esthetics, Dental; Humans; United States; Vitamin A; Vitamins; Wound Healing
PubMed: 33177422
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007138 -
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal... Jul 2023Milk fat globules (MFGs) surround the triacylglycerol core that composes milk fat. The aim of this study is to induce milk fat depression via dietary conjugated...
Milk fat globules (MFGs) surround the triacylglycerol core that composes milk fat. The aim of this study is to induce milk fat depression via dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation to study MFG size parameters, number and glycerophospholipid composition. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows (136 ± 28 days in milk, 571 ± 37.9 kg body weight, 27.6 ± 2.1 kg milk/day) were selected and randomly assigned to a control or CLA group for a 14-day period. Cows were fed a basal diet (control, n = 8) or the control plus 400 g/day CLA (C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 38.1% and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 36.8%) (n = 10) for 7 days after which the CLA group was switched to the basal diet for another 7 days along with the control group. Cow performance, milk composition, MFG size and numbers were measured daily. On the seventh day after the start of the experiment, milk samples were identified and the quantification of glycerophospholipid compounds, and RNA were isolated from milk fat samples for a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Compared with control, at Day 7 from the start of feeding, supplemental CLA did not affect milk production (28.09 vs. 28.50 kg/day), dry matter intake (14.9 vs. 15.4 kg/day), or milk protein (3.55/100 vs. 3.70 g/100 ml) and lactose contents (5.11/100 vs. 5.17 g/100 ml). However, although the specific surface area of MFG (2138 vs. 1815 m²/kg) was greater, CLA reduced milk fat content (1.95/100 vs 3.64 g/100 ml on Day 7) and particle size parameters of MFG. The number of MFG gradually decreased until Day 7 of feeding, and then increased by Day 14 (2.96 × 10 on Day 1, 1.63 × 10 on Day 7 and 2.28 × 10 on Day 14) in the CLA group. Compared with control, glycerophospholipid analysis revealed that concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) (e.g., PC [16:0/18:1] 20322 vs. 29793 nmol/L), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (e.g., LPE [18:1] 956 vs. 4610 nmol/L) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (e.g., PE [16:0/18:1] 7000 vs. 9769 nmol/L) in milk lipids decreased during CLA feeding. In contrast, concentrations of phosphatidylinositol (PI) (e.g., PI [18:0/18:1] 4052 vs. 1799 nmol/L) and phosphatidylserine (PS) (e.g., PS [18:1/18:2] 9500 vs. 6843 nmol/L) increased. The messenger RNA abundance of fatty acid synthase, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 and phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha (PCYT1A) were downregulated in the CLA group, confirming published data demonstrating a negative effect of CLA on lipogenesis in the mammary gland. Overall, these results provided evidence for the important role of lipogenic gene expression in the regulation of MFG size, number and glycerophospholipid composition.
Topics: Female; Animals; Cattle; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Lactation; Fatty Acids; Phospholipids; Diet; Glycerophospholipids; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36353940
DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13788 -
Food & Function Jun 2024Phospholipids are the essential components of human milk, contributing to the enhancement of cognitive development, regulation of immune functions, and mitigation of... (Review)
Review
Phospholipids are the essential components of human milk, contributing to the enhancement of cognitive development, regulation of immune functions, and mitigation of elevated cholesterol levels. Infant formulas supplemented with phospholipids can change the composition, content, and globule membrane structure of milk lipids, improving their digestive properties and nutritional value. However, mimicking phospholipids in infant formulas is currently limited, and the supplemented standards of phospholipid species and amounts in infant formulas are unknown. Consequently, there is a significant difference between the phospholipids in infant formulas and those in human milk. This article reviews the recent progress in human milk phospholipid research, aiming to describe the composition, content, and positive effects of human milk phospholipids, as well as summarises the dietary sources of phospholipid supplementation and the current state of human milk phospholipid mimicking in infant formulas. This review provides clear directions for research on mimicking human milk phospholipids and evaluating the nutritional functions of phospholipids in infants.
Topics: Humans; Milk, Human; Phospholipids; Infant Formula; Infant; Nutritive Value; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38787648
DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00539b -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Feb 2022Increasing scientific evidence is validating the use of dietary strategies to support and improve brain health throughout the lifespan, with tailored nutritional...
SCOPE
Increasing scientific evidence is validating the use of dietary strategies to support and improve brain health throughout the lifespan, with tailored nutritional interventions catering for specific life stages. Dietary phospholipid supplementations in early life and adulthood are shown to alleviate some of the behavioral consequences associated with chronic stress. This study aims to explore the protective effects of a tailored phospholipid-enriched buttermilk on behavioral and endocrine responses induced by chronic psychosocial stress in adulthood, and to compare these effects according to the life stage at which the supplementation is started.
METHODS AND RESULTS
A novel developed phospholipid-enriched dairy product is assessed for its effects on social, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, as well as the stress response and cognitive performance following chronic psychosocial stress in C57BL/6J mice, with supplementation beginning in adulthood or early life. Milk phospholipid supplementation from birth protects adult mice against chronic stress-induced changes in endocrine response to a subsequent acute stressor and reduces innate anxiety-like behavior in non-stressed animals. When starting in adulthood, the dietary intervention reverses the anxiety-like phenotype caused by chronic stress exposure.
CONCLUSION
Dairy-derived phospholipids exert differential protective effects against chronic psychosocial stress depending on the targeted life stage and duration of the dietary supplementation.
Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Longevity; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Milk; Phospholipids; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 34851032
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100665