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The New England Journal of Medicine Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Dietary Proteins; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 38169496
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMclde2304134 -
Life Sciences Mar 2023Sleep is a fundamental physiological function and is essential for all animals. Sleep is affected by diet compositions including protein (P) and carbohydrates (C), but...
AIMS
Sleep is a fundamental physiological function and is essential for all animals. Sleep is affected by diet compositions including protein (P) and carbohydrates (C), but there has not been a systematic investigation on the effect of dietary macronutrient balance on sleep.
MAIN METHODS
We used the nutritional geometry framework (NGF) to explore the interactive effects on sleep of protein (P) and carbohydrates (C) in the model organism Drosophila. Both female and male flies were fed various diets containing seven ratios of protein-to-carbohydrates at different energetic levels for 5 days and sleep was monitored by the Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM) system.
KEY FINDINGS
Our results showed that the combination of low protein and high carbohydrates (LPHC) prolonged sleep time and sleep quality, with fewer sleep episodes and longer sleep duration. We further found that the effects of macronutrients on sleep mirrored levels of hemolymph glucose and whole-body glycogen. Moreover, transcriptomic analyses revealed that a high-protein, low-carbohydrate (HPLC) diet significantly elevated the gene expression of metabolic pathways when compared to the LPHC diet, with the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathway being most strongly elevated. Further studies confirmed that the contents of glycine, serine, and threonine affected sleep.
SIGNIFICANCE
Our results demonstrate that sleep is affected by the dietary balance of protein and carbohydrates possibly mediated by the change in glucose, glycogen, glycine, serine, and threonine.
Topics: Animals; Male; Female; Dietary Proteins; Diet; Glucose; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Glycogen; Drosophila; Threonine; Glycine; Sleep; Serine; Dietary Carbohydrates
PubMed: 36640899
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121381 -
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society May 2021Dietary protein is a pre-requisite for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass; stimulating increases in muscle protein synthesis (MPS), via essential amino acids (EAA),... (Review)
Review
Dietary protein is a pre-requisite for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass; stimulating increases in muscle protein synthesis (MPS), via essential amino acids (EAA), and attenuating muscle protein breakdown, via insulin. Muscles are receptive to the anabolic effects of dietary protein, and in particular the EAA leucine, for only a short period (i.e. about 2-3 h) in the rested state. Thereafter, MPS exhibits tachyphylaxis despite continued EAA availability and sustained mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling. Other notable characteristics of this 'muscle full' phenomenon include: (i) it cannot be overcome by proximal intake of additional nutrient signals/substrates regulating MPS; meaning a refractory period exists before a next stimulation is possible, (ii) it is refractory to pharmacological/nutraceutical enhancement of muscle blood flow and thus is not induced by muscle hypo-perfusion, (iii) it manifests independently of whether protein intake occurs in a bolus or intermittent feeding pattern, and (iv) it does not appear to be dependent on protein dose per se. Instead, the main factor associated with altering muscle full is physical activity. For instance, when coupled to protein intake, resistance exercise delays the muscle full set-point to permit additional use of available EAA for MPS to promote muscle remodelling/growth. In contrast, ageing is associated with blunted MPS responses to protein/exercise (anabolic resistance), while physical inactivity (e.g. immobilisation) induces a premature muscle full, promoting muscle atrophy. It is crucial that in catabolic scenarios, anabolic strategies are sought to mitigate muscle decline. This review highlights regulatory protein turnover interactions by dietary protein, exercise, ageing and physical inactivity.
Topics: Aging; Dietary Proteins; Exercise; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Proteostasis; Sedentary Behavior
PubMed: 33023679
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665120007879 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Jan 2021Timing, dose, and route of protein feeding in critically ill patients treated in an ICU is controversial. This is because of conflicting outcomes observed in randomized... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Timing, dose, and route of protein feeding in critically ill patients treated in an ICU is controversial. This is because of conflicting outcomes observed in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This inconsistency between RCTs may occur as the physiology of protein metabolism and protein handling in the critically ill is substantially different from the healthy with limited mechanistic data to inform design of RCTs. This review will outline the current knowledge and gaps in the understanding of protein absorption and kinetics during critical illness.
RECENT FINDINGS
Critically ill patients, both children and adults, lose muscle protein because of substantial increases in protein degradation with initially normal, and over time increasing, protein synthesis rates. Critically ill patients appear to retain the capacity to absorb dietary protein and to use it for building body protein; however, the extent and possible benefit of this needs to be elucidated. More sophisticated methods to study protein absorption and digestion have recently been described but these have yet to be used in the critically ill.
SUMMARY
Adequate understanding of protein absorption and kinetics during critical illness will help the design of better interventional studies in the future. Because of the complexity of measuring protein absorption and kinetics in the critically ill, very few investigations are executed. Recent data using isotope-labelled amino acids suggests that critically ill patients are able to absorb enteral protein and to synthesize new body protein. However, the magnitude of absorption and anabolism that occurs, and possible benefits for the patients need to be elucidated.
Topics: Adult; Child; Critical Illness; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Kinetics; Proteolysis
PubMed: 33323717
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000707 -
Nutrients Apr 2024This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional... (Review)
Review
This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources' sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental impacts. Exploring the nutritional composition, extraction methods, functional properties, and potential health benefits of seaweed proteins, this review provides a comprehensive understanding. Seaweed contains essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Its protein content ranges from 11% to 32% of dry weight, making it valuable for diverse dietary preferences, including vegetarian and vegan diets. Furthermore, this review underscores the sustainability and environmental advantages of seaweed protein production compared to traditional sources. Seaweed cultivation requires minimal resources, mitigating environmental issues like ocean acidification. As the review delves into specific seaweed types, extraction methodologies, and functional properties, it highlights the versatility of seaweed proteins in various food products, including plant-based meats, dairy alternatives, and nutritional supplements. Additionally, it discusses the potential health benefits associated with seaweed proteins, such as their unique amino acid profile and bioactive compounds. Overall, this review aims to provide insights into seaweed proteins' potential applications and their role in addressing global protein needs sustainably.
Topics: Seaweed; Humans; Nutritive Value; Plant Proteins; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38674814
DOI: 10.3390/nu16081123 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Sep 2022There is a general consensus that a dietary protein intake of 0.8 g protein/kg/day will prevent symptoms of protein deficiency in young, healthy individuals. However,... (Review)
Review
There is a general consensus that a dietary protein intake of 0.8 g protein/kg/day will prevent symptoms of protein deficiency in young, healthy individuals. However, individuals in many physiological circumstances may benefit from higher rates of dietary protein intake. Stable isotope tracer methodology enables a variety of approaches to assessing the optimal dietary protein intake in humans. In this paper, we present an overview of a variety of tracer methods, with a discussion of necessary assumptions, as well as the clinical circumstances in which different methods may be preferable. Although we discuss the nontracer method of nitrogen balance, which has historically been used to estimate dietary protein requirements, this paper primarily focuses on tracer methods for estimating dietary protein and essential amino acid requirements under different physiological conditions. We will explain the following approaches: isotopic measurement of urea production; the arterial-venous tracer balance method; measurement of the fractional synthetic and breakdown rates of muscle protein; the indicator and the direct amino acid oxidation methods; and different approaches to measuring whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed in the context of the optimal approaches for use under different circumstances.
Topics: Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Essential; Dietary Proteins; GTP-Binding Proteins; Humans; Isotopes; Muscle Proteins; Nitrogen; Urea
PubMed: 36075948
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00817-w -
Experimental Biology and Medicine... Sep 2019Sedentary lifestyle and aging favor the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes and their comorbidities. The loss of lean body mass reduces muscle strength,... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Sedentary lifestyle and aging favor the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes and their comorbidities. The loss of lean body mass reduces muscle strength, resulting in impaired functional capacity and leading to increased risks of chronic diseases with advancing age. Besides aging, conditions such as inappetence, social isolation, and inadequate dietary intake cause the loss of lean body mass and increased abdominal fatty mass, resulting in sarcopenic obesity and predisposition to type 2 diabetes. Compared to younger people, this condition is more common in the elderly owing to natural changes in body composition associated with aging. Lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and improved dietary behaviors are effective for preventing the occurrence of comorbidities. Regarding muscle nutrition, besides caloric adequacy, meeting the requirements for the consumption of dietary amino acids and proteins is important for treating sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity because muscle tissue mainly consists of proteins and is, therefore, the largest reservoir of amino acids in the body. Thus, this review discusses the effects of dietary protein on the preservation of lean body mass, improvements in the functional capacity of muscle tissue, and prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. In addition, we address the effects of regular physical training associated with dietary protein strategies on lean body mass, body fat loss, and muscle strength in the elderly at a risk for type 2 diabetes development.
IMPACT STATEMENT
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem associated with obesity and sedentary lifestyle, which predisposes affected individuals to mortality and morbidity. Additionally, aging and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors increase inflammation and insulin resistance, contributing to the reduction of cytokines related to muscle nutrition and the suppression of lipogenesis, resulting in the development of sarcopenic obesity. One strategy for the prevention of T2D is the avoidance of secondary aging by participating in healthy action programs, including exercise and nutritional interventions. This minireview of several studies demonstrates the impact of physical activity and nutritional interventions on gaining or preserving muscle mass and on the functional aspects of muscles with aging. It provides information on the effect of protein, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), and creatine supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and volume gain and on the prevention of the progressive decrease in muscle mass with aging in combination with maintaining regular physical activity.
Topics: Aging; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Proteins; Exercise; Humans; Obesity; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 31307203
DOI: 10.1177/1535370219861910 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Oct 2022Although a decrease in carbohydrate intake and an increase in fat intake among Koreans have been reported, investigations of changes in protein intake have been limited....
Although a decrease in carbohydrate intake and an increase in fat intake among Koreans have been reported, investigations of changes in protein intake have been limited. Thus, this study aimed to explore trends in the dietary intake of total, plant and animal proteins overall and by socio-demographic subgroups in Korea over the past two decades. A total of 78 716 Korean adults aged ≥ 19 years who participated in the seven survey cycles of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998-2018 were included. Dietary protein intake, overall and by source, was calculated using a single 24-h dietary recall data. Changes in dietary protein over 20 years were estimated using multiple linear regression analysis after adjusting for potential covariates. For total protein intake, a significant decrease was reported from 1998 to 2016-2018 ( for trend < 0·001), whereas an increasing trend was observed from 2007-2009 to 2016-2018 ( for trend < 0·001). In terms of protein intake by source, plant protein intake decreased while animal protein intake increased over the past two decades, indicating steeper trends during the recent decade ( for trend < 0·001). These trends were more pronounced among younger adults and those with higher household income and education levels. These findings suggest that continuous monitoring of dietary protein intake overall and by source (plant . animal) across socio-demographic group is needed.
Topics: Dietary Proteins; Nutrition Surveys; Diet; Surveys and Questionnaires; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 34763739
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521004438 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jan 2022Diet is one of the modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline. However, studies on dietary protein intake and cognitive decline have remained limited and inconclusive.
BACKGROUND
Diet is one of the modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline. However, studies on dietary protein intake and cognitive decline have remained limited and inconclusive.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations between long-term dietary protein intake and subsequent subjective cognitive decline (SCD).
METHODS
We included 49,493 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (1984-2006) and 27,842 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) (1986-2002). For the NHS, average dietary intake was calculated from 7 repeated semi-quantitative FFQs (SFFQs), and SCD was assessed in 2012 and 2014. For the HPFS, average dietary intake was calculated from 5 repeated SFFQs, and SCD was assessed in 2008 and 2012. Poisson regression was used to examine the associations between dietary protein, amino acids, and various protein food sources with subsequent SCD.
RESULTS
Higher protein intake compared with total carbohydrates was associated with lower odds of SCD. When substituting 5% energy from protein for the equivalent percentage of energy from total carbohydrates, the pooled multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) for total protein, 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) for animal protein, and 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) for plant protein. When substituting 5% of energy from animal protein with plant protein, the OR was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.97). For protein food sources, higher intakes of beans/legumes, fish, and lean poultry were significantly associated with lower odds of SCD, but higher intake of hotdogs was associated with higher odds of SCD.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher protein intake was associated with lower odds of SCD when compared isocalorically with carbohydrate. Plant protein sources were also associated with lower odds when compared with animal protein sources. Our findings suggest that adequate protein intake, and choices of protein sources could play a role in the maintenance of cognition and should be studied further.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diet; Diet Surveys; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 34293099
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab236 -
Food & Function Nov 2021Dietary protein has been linked with all-cause and cancer mortality. However, the relationship between dietary protein and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma...
Dietary protein has been linked with all-cause and cancer mortality. However, the relationship between dietary protein and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary protein intake was related to HCC mortality using data from the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort (GLCC), a prospective cohort study of HCC survivors established at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Dietary information one year before the diagnosis of HCC was obtained through a 79-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). A total of 883 patients with newly diagnosed HCC who were recruited between September 2013 and April 2017 were included in this study. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazard models. The multivariate-adjusted HRs in the highest the lowest tertile of total protein intake were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52-0.91, -trend = 0.007) for all-cause mortality and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.55-0.99, -trend = 0.040) for HCC-specific mortality. However, the associations of animal protein intake, plant protein intake, and animal-to-plant protein ratio with all-cause and HCC-specific mortality were not significant (all -trend >0.05). Our research suggests that higher prediagnostic dietary intake of total protein was associated with reduced all-cause and HCC-specific mortality.
Topics: Adult; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 34709274
DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02013g