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International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2021(1) Background: The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to investigate any positive or negative effects of ketogenic diets in athletes and provide an assessment of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
(1) Background: The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to investigate any positive or negative effects of ketogenic diets in athletes and provide an assessment of the size of these effects. (2) Methods: Databases were used to select relevant studies up to January 2021 regarding the effects of ketogenic diets in athletes. Inclusion criteria were as follows: data before and after ketogenic diet use, being randomized controlled trials and presenting ketogenic diets and assessments of ketone status. Study subjects were required to be professional athletes. Review studies, pilot studies, and studies in which non-athletes were included were excluded from this meta-analysis. The outcome effect sizes in these selected studies were calculated by using the standardized mean difference statistic. (3) Results: Eight studies were selected for this meta-analysis. Athletes who consumed the ketogenic diet had reduced body fat percentages, respiratory exchange rates, and increased total cholesterol compared to athletes who did not consume this diet. However, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, heart rate, HDL cholesterol, glucose level, and insulin level were unaffected by the diet. (4) Conclusions: Ketogenic diets had a beneficial effect by decreasing body fat percentage, but athletes with high total cholesterol level need to be monitored when instituting a ketogenic diet. Our study sample size was limited; therefore, additional studies may be needed to confirm the current findings. Further studies need to be conducted on changes in LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Athletes; Cholesterol, HDL; Diet; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans
PubMed: 33809153
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062912 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... Jan 2023Emerging studies have employed time-restricted feeding (TRF) and a low-sugar diet alone in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but their... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Emerging studies have employed time-restricted feeding (TRF) and a low-sugar diet alone in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but their combination has not been tested. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TRF combined with a low-sugar diet on NAFLD parameters, cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, and body composition in patients with NAFLD.
METHODS
A 12-wk randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the effects of TRF (16 h fasting/8 h feeding daily [16/8]) plus a low-sugar diet versus a control diet based on traditional meal distribution in patients with NAFLD. Changes in body composition, anthropometric indices, and liver and cardiometabolic markers were investigated.
RESULTS
TRF 16/8 with a low-sugar diet reduced body fat (26.7 ± 5.4 to 24.2 ± 4.9 kg), body weight (83.8 ± 12.7 to 80.5 ± 12.1 kg), waist circumference (104.59 ± 10.47 to 101.91 ± 7.42 cm), and body mass index (29.1 ± 2.6 to 28 ± 2.7 kg/m), as well as circulating levels of fasting blood glucose and liver (alanine aminotransferase, 34 ± 13.9 to 21.2 ± 5.4 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 26.3 ± 6.2 to 20.50 ± 4 U/L; γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, 33 ± 15 to 23.2 ± 11.1 U/L; fibrosis score, 6.3 ± 1 to 5.2 ± 1.2 kPa; and controlled attenuation parameter, 322.9 ± 34.9 to 270.9 ± 36.2 dB/m), lipids (triacylglycerols, 201.5 ± 35.3 to 133.3 ± 48.7 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 190 ± 36.6 to 157.8 ± 33.6 mg/dL; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 104.6 ± 27.3 to 84 ± 26.3 mg/dL), and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 3.1 ± 1.1 to 2 ± 0.9 mg/L; and cytokeratin-18, 1.35 ± 0.03 to 1.16 ± 0.03 ng/mL). These results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) compared with the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
TRF plus a low-sugar diet can reduce adiposity and improve liver, lipid, and inflammatory markers in patients with NAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Fasting; Liver; Diet; Cholesterol; Cardiovascular Diseases; Sugars
PubMed: 36257081
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111847 -
Nutrients Jun 2023Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone, acting through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms, obtainable via two main sources: diet and exposure to ultraviolet B rays...
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone, acting through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms, obtainable via two main sources: diet and exposure to ultraviolet B rays [...].
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Diet; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 37447228
DOI: 10.3390/nu15132902 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2021Plant-derived sterols, phytosterols, are well known for their cholesterol-lowering activity in serum and their anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, phytosterols have... (Review)
Review
Plant-derived sterols, phytosterols, are well known for their cholesterol-lowering activity in serum and their anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, phytosterols have received considerable attention due to their beneficial effects on various non-communicable diseases, and recommended use as daily dietary components. The signaling pathways mediated in the brain by phytosterols have been evaluated, but little is known about their effects on neuroinflammation, and no clinical studies have been undertaken on phytosterols of interest. In this review, we discuss the beneficial roles of phytosterols, including their attenuating effects on inflammation, blood cholesterol levels, and hallmarks of the disease, and their regulatory effects on neuroinflammatory disease pathways. Despite recent advancements made in phytosterol pharmacology, some critical questions remain unanswered. Therefore, we have tried to highlight the potential of phytosterols as viable therapeutics against neuroinflammation and to direct future research with respect to clinical applications.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cholesterol; Diet; Humans; Phytosterols
PubMed: 32600224
DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200628022812 -
The Journal of Urology Feb 2020
Topics: Diet; Humans; Male; Testosterone; United States
PubMed: 31659929
DOI: 10.1097/01.JU.0000611460.62826.3d -
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD 2023The association between dietary or serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in older adults has not been well-established.
BACKGROUND
The association between dietary or serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in older adults has not been well-established.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to investigate the potential association between dietary or serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in the elderly population.
METHODS
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. Diet and supplement cholesterol was estimated based on two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. Cognitive function was assessed using various statistical tests. Poor cognitive performance was defined as scores below the lowest quartile within age groups. Regression models were adjusted for demographic factors, and subgroup analyses were performed for non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals.
RESULTS
Among 759 participants aged 60 years and above, dietary cholesterol was only associated with dietary saturated fatty acids and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. There was no evidence of an association between dietary cholesterol and cognitive function, except for NHB individuals, where dietary cholesterol showed a positive correlation with cognitive function. In the overall sample and NHW participants, there were consistent positive associations between serum total cholesterol and cognitive performance across statistical tests, while such associations were rare among NHB individuals. Although not statistically significant, NHB individuals had higher dietary/supplementary/total cholesterol intake compared with NHW individuals.
CONCLUSION
Within the normal range, increasing serum cholesterol may be a potential factor to prevent or relieve cognitive dysfunction. However, ethnic differences should be taken into account when considering the association between cholesterol and cognitive performance.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Cholesterol, Dietary; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Cholesterol; Cognition; White
PubMed: 37574736
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-230422 -
Cell Metabolism Oct 2022Bile acids (BAs) are complex and incompletely understood enterohepatic-derived hormones that control whole-body metabolism. Here, we profiled postprandial BAs in the...
Bile acids (BAs) are complex and incompletely understood enterohepatic-derived hormones that control whole-body metabolism. Here, we profiled postprandial BAs in the liver, feces, and plasma of 360 chow- or high-fat-diet-fed BXD male mice and demonstrated that both genetics and diet strongly influence BA abundance, composition, and correlation with metabolic traits. Through an integrated systems approach, we mapped hundreds of quantitative trait loci that modulate BAs and identified both known and unknown regulators of BA homeostasis. In particular, we discovered carboxylesterase 1c (Ces1c) as a genetic determinant of plasma tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a BA species with established disease-preventing actions. The association between Ces1c and plasma TUDCA was validated using data from independent mouse cohorts and a Ces1c knockout mouse model. Collectively, our data are a unique resource to dissect the physiological importance of BAs as determinants of metabolic traits, as underscored by the identification of CES1C as a master regulator of plasma TUDCA levels.
Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Diet, High-Fat; Homeostasis; Hormones; Liver; Male; Mice; Systems Analysis; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid
PubMed: 36099916
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.015 -
Nutrients Dec 2022Quantitative rankings of multiple dietary patterns for their effects on non-communicable disease (NCD) biomarkers is lacking and would inform primary prevention... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Quantitative rankings of multiple dietary patterns for their effects on non-communicable disease (NCD) biomarkers is lacking and would inform primary prevention strategies. Accordingly, a network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to compare and rank the effects of different dietary patterns on NCD biomarkers, and associations of dietary patterns’ underlying macronutrient composition with NCD biomarkers were determined by a nutritional geometry approach. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for inclusion if they enrolled healthy participants, employed food-based dietary pattern interventions without energy restriction, and reported NCD biomarker outcomes. NCD biomarkers were included as an outcome if ≥10 trials were available. A systematic search of five electronic databases identified 4008 records. Sixty-eight articles from 59 RCTs reporting lipids, glycemic, and inflammatory biomarkers were included for quantitative syntheses. Risk-of-bias was predominantly categorized as low or having some concerns, and confidence-of-evidence low. Relative to western habitual diet, the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), dietary guidelines-based, plant-based, and low-fat diets reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference range: −0.29 to −0.17 mmol/L), total cholesterol (−0.36 to −0.24 mmol/L), and apolipoprotein B (−0.11 to −0.07 g/L) (all p < 0.05); the Paleo, plant-based and dietary guidelines-based diets reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (−0.95 to −0.35, all p < 0.05). No dietary pattern ranked consistently highest. The Paleo diet received the highest all-outcomes-combined average Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve value (67%), followed by DASH (62%) and Mediterranean diets (57%), whereas western habitual diet was lowest (36%). Our findings were independent of macronutrient composition, highlighting the significance of dietary pattern-level analysis.
Topics: Humans; Noncommunicable Diseases; Network Meta-Analysis; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Fat-Restricted
PubMed: 36615733
DOI: 10.3390/nu15010076 -
Genes Apr 2023It has been demonstrated that a high salt diet (HSD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction. In particular, the impact and molecular...
It has been demonstrated that a high salt diet (HSD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction. In particular, the impact and molecular mechanisms of long-term HSD on hepatic metabolism remain largely unknown. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) affecting the metabolism of liver tissues from HSD and control groups, a transcriptome analysis of liver tissues was performed in this study. As a result of the transcriptome analysis, the expression of genes related to lipid and steroid biosynthesis (such as , , and ) was significantly reduced in the livers of HSD mice. Additionally, several gene ontology (GO) terms have been identified as associated with metabolic processes in the liver, including the lipid metabolic process (GO: 0006629) and the steroid metabolic process (GO: 0008202). An additional quantitative RT-qPCR analysis was conducted to confirm six down-regulated genes and two up-regulated genes. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigation of HSD-induced metabolic disorders.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Lipogenesis; Transcriptome; Liver; Gene Expression Profiling; Diet; Lipids; Steroids
PubMed: 37239325
DOI: 10.3390/genes14050966 -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Apr 2022Dietary cholesterol is absorbed in proportion to the amount ingested, blocking its hepatic synthesis, increasing its biliary excretion, only slightly increasing... (Review)
Review
Dietary cholesterol is absorbed in proportion to the amount ingested, blocking its hepatic synthesis, increasing its biliary excretion, only slightly increasing production of bile acids while potentially raising the serum concentration of the atherogenic low-density lipoprotein. Humans lie midway between rats and rabbits that respond to dietary cholesterol, respectively, with high and low capacity to produce bile acids, and low or high capacity to raise blood cholesterol. There are regular studies exonerating as well as blaming dietary cholesterol as a cardiovascular risk factor, particularly in genetic hypercholesterolemic individuals. We then resorted at reviewing all meta-analyses on the subject but failed to reach at a clear conclusion useful in medical practice. Nevertheless, ingestion of the same amount of cholesterol results in wide variation in the amounts absorbed and in plasma lipoprotein profiles depending on poorly understood genetic factors. Several genetic conditions are capable of interfering with the absorption and synthesis of cholesterol. Hyperabsorption of dietary cholesterol elicits the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and in plasma. In this regard, most cases of familial hypercholesterolemia that have a case of intestinal hyperabsorption of cholesterol also demonstrate the same defect. A practical useful suggestion is to measure for a few weeks the total serum cholesterol and its fractions at least three times before and during the intake of eggs that the candidate wishes to maintain in his usual dietary practice as an efficient procedure to identify those who respond with undesirable increases in serum cholesterol.
Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet; Humans; Lipoproteins; Liver; Rabbits; Rats
PubMed: 35420270
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000464