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Current Cardiology Reports Sep 2022Very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) and ketogenic diets (KDs) have been used for weight loss and more recently in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) and ketogenic diets (KDs) have been used for weight loss and more recently in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The impact of VLC and KDs on lipids/lipoproteins is a concern. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of KDs on body weight and lipids/lipoproteins.
RECENT FINDINGS
VLC/KDs contribute to greater weight loss in the short term (< 6 months) compared to higher carbohydrate diets, but there is typically no difference between the diets by 12 months. Triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels generally improve, but there is a variable response in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, with some individuals experiencing a dramatic increase, particularly those with latent genetic dyslipidemias. Healthcare professionals should educate patients on the risks and benefits of following VLC/KDs and encourage the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods associated with positive health outcomes.
Topics: Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Ketogenic; Dietary Carbohydrates; Humans; Lipoproteins; Triglycerides; Weight Loss
PubMed: 35794438
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01731-3 -
Meat Science Jul 2023The objective of the study was to examine differences in nutrient intake between consumers and non-consumers of red meat and to assess nutritional adequacy of consumers...
The objective of the study was to examine differences in nutrient intake between consumers and non-consumers of red meat and to assess nutritional adequacy of consumers relative to Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) in Canada. Matching estimators were used to identify differences in nutrient intake between the two groups. Statistically significant differences were observed in nutrient intake between red meat consumers and non-consumers, including lower daily intake of protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin D, and zinc and a higher daily intake of dietary fiber, folate, and magnesium among Canadians who did not consume red meat. Further, red meat consumers and non-consumers had nutrient intakes below RDA for dietary energy, fiber, and calcium. While individuals who did not consume red meat were at increased risk of calcium, vitamin D, energy, and potassium inadequacy, those who consumed red meat were at increased risk of dietary fiber, vitamin A, and magnesium inadequacy.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium; Calcium; Canada; Diet; Energy Intake; Vitamins; Red Meat; Dietary Fiber; Vitamin D
PubMed: 37031667
DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109161 -
Current Nutrition Reports Sep 2021Older adults more frequently experience reduced sleep quality and quantity compared to younger adults. Diet is one modifiable lifestyle factor that may influence sleep... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Older adults more frequently experience reduced sleep quality and quantity compared to younger adults. Diet is one modifiable lifestyle factor that may influence sleep outcomes in older adults. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the current literature investigating the impact of diet, including foods and nutrients, on the sleep quality and quantity of older adults.
RECENT FINDINGS
Overall, the observational and intervention studies suggest that following a Mediterranean diet, and the consumption of certain food items (e.g. milk), and nutrients (e.g. vitamin D and vitamin E) may influence (improve or reduce) sleep quality and quantity. This review describes the potential efficacy for dietary factors to improve sleep outcomes in older adults. However, given the heterogeneity of included studies in this review (i.e. aims, methodologies, and outcomes assessed), it is difficult to consolidate the available evidence to make specific recommendations. More targeted research exploring the relationship between diet and sleep in older adults is needed to strengthen the current evidence base.
Topics: Aged; Diet, Mediterranean; Food; Humans; Nutrients; Sleep; Vitamin D
PubMed: 34125418
DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00362-4 -
Nutrients Feb 2024Cholesterol is a nutrient commonly found in the human diet. The relationship between dietary cholesterol, its sources, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a topic...
Cholesterol is a nutrient commonly found in the human diet. The relationship between dietary cholesterol, its sources, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a topic of debate. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary cholesterol, its sources, and cardiovascular events in a Chinese population. The present study analyzed data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort between 1991 and 2015. This study analyzed data from 3903 participants who were 40 years of age or older at baseline and had no history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hypertension. During a median follow-up of 14 years, 503 cardiovascular disease events were identified through follow-up questionnaires administered every 2-3 years. The events included fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and other cardiovascular disease deaths. Cox regression was used to estimate risk ratios (HR) for CVD events after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. It was discovered that sources of dietary cholesterol varied among different subgroups of the population. The top three sources of cholesterol among all participants were eggs, red meat, and seafood, accounting for 57.4%, 28.2%, and 9.0% of total daily cholesterol intake, respectively. The present study found that there was a significant association between total dietary cholesterol intake, and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (adjusted HR [95% CI]: total cholesterol (highest and lowest quartiles compared) 1.57 [1.17-2.11]). Cholesterol from poultry, seafood, and eggs was also significantly associated with a reduced risk of CVD (adjusted HR [95% CI]: poultry 0.18 [0.04-0.82], seafood 0.11 [0.02-0.54], and eggs 0.16 [0.03-0.73]). After adjusting for daily caloric intake, daily fat intake, and daily saturated fat intake, the previously observed association between red meat cholesterol and cardiovascular events (unadjusted HR [95% CI]: 0.44 [0.35-0.55]) was no longer statistically significant (adjusted HR [95% CI]: 0.21 [0.04-1.01]).
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet; Cholesterol; Eating; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38474843
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050716 -
Nutrition, Metabolism, and... May 2022The extent to which dietary patterns influence the risk of abnormal blood lipids throughout young adulthood remains unclear. The aim was to investigate whether early...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The extent to which dietary patterns influence the risk of abnormal blood lipids throughout young adulthood remains unclear. The aim was to investigate whether early young adulthood dietary patterns predict the risk of abnormal blood lipids during later young adulthood.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We used data from a long running birth cohort study in Australia. Western dietary pattern rich in meats, processed foods and high-fat dairy products and prudent pattern rich in fruit, vegetables, fish, nuts, whole grains and low-fat dairy products were derived using principal component analysis at the 21-year follow-up from dietary data obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. After 9-years, fasting blood samples of all participants were collected and their total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. Abnormal blood lipids were based on clinical cut-offs for total, LDL and HDL cholesterols, and TG and relative distributions for total:HDL and TG:HDL cholesterols ratios. Log-binomial models were used to estimate risk of each outcome in relation to dietary patterns. Greater adherence to the Western pattern predicted increased risks of high LDL (RR: 1.47; 95%CI: 1.06, 2.03) and TG (1.90; 1.25, 2.86), and high ratios of total:HDL (1.48; 1.00, 2.19) and TG:HDL (1.78; 1.18, 2.70) cholesterols in fully adjusted models. Conversely, a prudent pattern predicted reduced risks of low HDL (0.58; 0.42, 0.78) and high TG (0.66; 0.47, 0.92) and high total:HDL (0.71; 0.51, 0.98) and TG:HDL (0.61; 0.45, 0.84) cholesterols ratios.
CONCLUSION
This is the first prospective study to show greater adherence to unhealthy Western diet predicted increased risks of abnormal blood lipids, whereas healthy prudent diet predicted lower such risks in young adults. Addressing diets in early course may improve cardiovascular health of young adults.
Topics: Adult; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cohort Studies; Diet; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Humans; Lipids; Prospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 35260316
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.030 -
Pediatric Research Aug 2023Excessive media use can affect diet of adolescents, but relevant data in Saudi Arabia are lacking. The present study aimed to explore the association between media use,...
BACKGROUND
Excessive media use can affect diet of adolescents, but relevant data in Saudi Arabia are lacking. The present study aimed to explore the association between media use, dietary intake, and diet quality among adolescents.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study included data of 631 adolescents (ages 11-18 years) who were randomly recruited from 16 schools located in two main cities in the Western region of Saudi Arabia (Madinah and Jeddah). Envelopes including a questionnaire were sent home to collect sociodemographic data. Students then completed the short-form food frequency questionnaire to assess diet quality. Data on media use, anthropometrics, and 24-h dietary recalls were also collected.
RESULTS
A high proportion of adolescents (86.2%) exceeded media use recommendations of ≤2 h per day. Significantly higher proportions of younger adolescents, males, and non-Saudis reported media use within the recommendation compared to their peers. Media use predicted lower diet quality score (B = -0.67 [95% CI: -1.09 to -0.28]) and lower intake of calcium, zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin C (B = -104 [95% CI: -203 to -5.24], B = -2.13 [95% CI: -4.15 to -0.11], B = -23.5 [95% CI: -41.3 to -5.65], B = -24.0 [95% CI: -45.1 to -2.96], respectively).
CONCLUSION
Interventions to limit media use are urgently needed for adolescents in Saudi Arabia to improve diet quality and overall nutritional health.
IMPACT
Excessive media use can affect diet of adolescents, but relevant data are lacking in Saudi Arabia. The majority of adolescents exceed the recommendations for media use. Media use was negatively associated with diet quality and intake of calcium, zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin C. This study will inform public health entities and policy makers to draw evidence-based, culturally tailored recommendations and develop nutrition interventions to enhance diet quality and nutritional status of adolescents. Findings of this study highlight the urgency to develop intervention programs and policies that aim to limit media use among adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Male; Ascorbic Acid; Calcium; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Eating; Saudi Arabia; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Child; Female
PubMed: 36750738
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02505-5 -
Reproductive Health Sep 2022Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity that involves pregnancy-related stressors on the maternal cardiovascular and metabolic systems. As... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity that involves pregnancy-related stressors on the maternal cardiovascular and metabolic systems. As nutrition is important to support optimal development of the placenta and for the developing fetus, maternal diets may play a role in preventing pre-eclampsia. The purpose of this scoping review is to map the maternal nutritional deficiencies and imbalances associated with pre-eclampsia incidence and discuss evidence consistency and linkages with current understandings of the etiology of pre-eclampsia.
METHODS
A narrative scoping review was conducted to provide a descriptive account of available research, summarize research findings and identify gaps in the evidence base. Relevant observational studies and reviews of observational studies were identified in an iterative two-stage process first involving electronic database searches then more sensitive searches as familiarity with the literature increased. Results were considered in terms of their consistency of evidence, effect sizes and biological plausibility.
RESULTS
The review found evidence for associations between nutritional inadequacies and a greater risk of pre-eclampsia. These associations were most likely mediated through oxidative stress, inflammation, maternal endothelial dysfunction and blood pressure in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Maternal nutritional risk factors for pre-eclampsia incidence with the strongest consistency, effect and biological plausibility include vitamin C and its potential relationship with iron status, vitamin D (both on its own and combined with calcium and magnesium), and healthy dietary patterns featuring high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, seafood and monounsaturated vegetable oils. Foods high in added sugar, such as sugary drinks, were associated with increased risk of pre-eclampsia incidence.
CONCLUSION
A growing body of literature highlights the involvement of maternal dietary factors in the development of pre-eclampsia. Our review findings support the need for further investigation into potential interactions between dietary factors and consideration of nutritional homeostasis and healthy dietary patterns. Further research is recommended to explore gestational age, potential non-linear relationships, dietary diversity and social, cultural contexts of food and meals.
Topics: Diet; Female; Humans; Placenta; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Vitamin D; Vitamins
PubMed: 36064716
DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01485-9 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a serious public health problem and are the primary cause of death worldwide. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a serious public health problem and are the primary cause of death worldwide. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been identified as one of the most important molecules in the prevention of CVD due to its multiple anti-inflammatories, anti-atherogenic, and antioxidant properties. Currently, it has been observed that maintaining healthy levels of HDL-C does not seem to be sufficient if the functionality of this particle is not adequate. Modifications in the structure and composition of HDL-C lead to a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, and dysfunctional version of the molecule. Various assays have evaluated some HDL-C functions on risk populations, but they were not the main objective in some of these. Functional foods and dietary compounds such as extra virgin olive oil, nuts, whole grains, legumes, fresh fish, quercetin, curcumin, ginger, resveratrol, and other polyphenols could increase HDL functionality by improving the cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Nevertheless, additional rigorous research basic and applied is required in order to better understand the association between diet and HDL functionality. This will enable the development of nutritional precision management guidelines for healthy HDL to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults. The aim of the study was to increase the understanding of dietary compounds (functional foods and bioactive components) on the functionality of HDL.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Diet; Functional Food; Humans
PubMed: 33916032
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041165 -
Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Nov 2022Inflammation is implicated in the development and progression of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is...
Inflammation is implicated in the development and progression of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is associated with anthropometric indices and metabolic parameters in Iranian atherosclerosis patients. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 Iranian atherosclerosis patients. The DII was estimated using a valid and reliable 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were evaluated for anthropometric indices and metabolic parameters according to the DII score. Linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between DII scores with atherosclerosis-related dependent variables. According to the continuous score of DII, there was no significant association between DII and odds of obesity, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio in all 3 models (P ≥ .05). In linear regression analysis, we found a significant association between DII score and fasting blood sugar, lipid profile (except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), liver enzymes (except for alkaline phosphatase), and serum sodium in adjusted models (P < .05). In this study, patients with atherosclerosis consuming a pro-inflammatory diet was positively associated with fasting blood sugar, lipid, and liver enzymes measures. Future studies with prospective and interventional designs are required to clarify the association between this dietary index and cardiovascular disease risk factors among patients with atherosclerosis.
Topics: Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Iran; Risk Factors; Biomarkers; Diet; Atherosclerosis; Inflammation; Cholesterol, HDL; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 36162276
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.08.003 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Mar 2022The workplace has been identified as a potential location for dietary intervention delivery due to the amount of time spent and the meals eaten in this setting. It is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The workplace has been identified as a potential location for dietary intervention delivery due to the amount of time spent and the meals eaten in this setting. It is recommended that interventions are tailored to specific occupational groups, and to date, there is limited synthesis of the evidence relating to health care workers. This review characterizes and evaluates the effectiveness of dietary interventions in health care workers to aid the design and implementation of interventions. The MEDLINE database was searched to September 2020. The reference list of an umbrella review was hand-searched for additional titles against inclusion criteria. The search included 1) population, 2) intervention, and 3) work environment. Studies were assessed for risk of bias. Harvest plots and forest plots were created to display study quality, direction, and size of effect of selected primary (energy, fruit and vegetable, and fat intake) and secondary outcomes (weight, BMI, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol concentrations). Thirty-nine articles assessing 34 interventions were eligible for inclusion. Intervention types most commonly used were environmental, educational, educational plus behavioral, and behavioral. Due to the heterogeneity in study design and intervention type, results were largely inconclusive. For dietary outcomes, interventions produced small-moderate favorable changes in fruit, vegetable, and fat intake. Decreased fat intake was mainly observed in environmental interventions and increases in fruit and vegetable intake were observed when an educational and/or behavioral component was present. Interventions producing weight loss were mostly nonrandomized trials involving education and physical activity. Total and LDL cholesterol decreased in interventions involving physical activity. Meta-analyses revealed significant decreases in energy intake, weight, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol in nonrandomized trials where data were available. Much more research is needed into strategies to promote diet quality improvement in health care workers. A protocol for this review is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021234906).
Topics: Humans; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Eating; Vegetables; Workplace; Health Personnel
PubMed: 34591091
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab120