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Nutrients Mar 2022Diet is considered the cornerstone of lipid management in hyperlipidemic children but evidence to demonstrate the effects of nutrient benefits on the lipid profile is...
BACKGROUND
Diet is considered the cornerstone of lipid management in hyperlipidemic children but evidence to demonstrate the effects of nutrient benefits on the lipid profile is limited.
AIM
The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the Mediterranean diet on low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and non-high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) decrease in primary hyperlipidemia affected children and in the achievement of therapeutical target levels.
METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was used, recruiting = 223 children (10.05 ± 3.26 mean age years) with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) ( = 61, 27%) and polygenic hypercholesterolemia (PH) ( =162, 73%). Secondary hyperlipidemias were excluded. Based on LDL-C and non-HDL-C decrease, participants were divided into two groups, named the Responder Group and Non-Responder Group. Participants and their families underwent dietary education by an expert nutritionist and were asked to fill in a weekly diary to be delivered at visits. Dietary indications were in line with daily caloric requirement, daily food quality and quantity intakes typical of the Mediterranean diet. These include carbohydrates, extra virgin olive oil, yoghurt and milk derivatives, fish and vegetable proteins, fresh seasonal vegetables and fresh fruits. Nuts or almonds were also recommended. The advice to limit intakes of meat, in particular red meat, and caution against junk food and sugar added food and beverages was provided. At medical visits, carried out at baseline (T0) and 6 months later (T1), children underwent anthropometric measurements and blood collection. Standard kits and methods were applied for lipid analysis. Statistical methods were performed by SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Signed informed consent was given by parents according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the study was approved by the Local Committee.
RESULTS
The Responder Group ( = 156/223, 70%) included 45 FH and 111 PH children, while the Non-Responder Group ( = 67/223, 30%) included 16 FH and 51 PH children. The Responder Group showed total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C and non-HDL-C median percentage decreases of 9.45, 13.51 and 10.90, respectively. These statistically significant changes ( ≤ 0.0001) were similar in the FH and PH subgroups but just PH subjects reached the LDL-C and non-HDL-C target, which fell below 130 mg/dL and 145 mg/dL, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were the main dietary parameter that distinguished between the Responder Group and the Non-Responder Group ( = 0.014). Positive correlations were found at T1 between dietary total lipids, SFAs and cholesterol with serum LDL-C, non-HDL-C and TC variations. These latter serum parameters had an inverse correlation with dietary carbohydrate at T1. Among macronutrients, SFAs were finally demonstrated to be the predictor of serum lipids variation at T1.
CONCLUSIONS
The dietary intervention with a Mediterranean diet in children with primary hyperlipidemia significantly improves the lipid profile both in FH and PH subgroups and allows target levels of LDL-C and non-HDL-C in PH subjects to be reached. Responsiveness benefits should be primarily attributed to the reduction in SFAs, but changes in dietary lipids, cholesterol and carbohydrate intake may also play a role. In contrast, the Non-Responder Group showed a worsening of lipid profile regarding the unchanged diet.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet, Mediterranean; Fatty Acids; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperlipidemias; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35405957
DOI: 10.3390/nu14071344 -
Nutrients Dec 2023Periodontitis is a commonly occurring inflammatory oral disease affecting a large proportion of global and US adults and is characterized by the destruction of the...
Periodontitis is a commonly occurring inflammatory oral disease affecting a large proportion of global and US adults and is characterized by the destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. Its etiology is multifactorial, and type 2 diabetes and diet play critical roles in its remission and progression. However, few studies have addressed nutritional and serum vitamin D status in adults with periodontitis in the presence of diabetes. A cross-sectional study ( = 78), and a sub-set of age- and BMI-matched case-control studies ( = 50), were conducted to examine differences in dietary and cardiometabolic variables, and serum vitamin D in adults with periodontitis with or without diabetes. Participants provided fasting blood samples and 24-h diet recalls on at least two different days. Data on health history, body weight, height, nutritional habits, and clinical features of periodontitis were also collected. The Mann-Whitney U Test (with exact -value estimation by Monte Carlo simulation) was used to examine differences by diabetes status in continuous and ordinal variables. Results revealed significantly lower serum vitamin D, and dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, vitamins A and C in adults with periodontitis with vs. without diabetes in the sub-study (all < 0.05). In the overall sample, adults with diabetes presented with higher caries risk measures and lower numbers of teeth than those without diabetes; plaque and bleeding scores did not differ by diabetes status. Finally, a significant associations of food habits was observed, especially consuming protein-rich foods twice a day with a lower bleeding score, and daily consumption of fried or fast foods with a fewer number of teeth present (all < 0.05). The present findings show significant dietary and serum vitamin D inadequacies among adults with periodontitis, and diabetes further aggravates the observed malnourishment and oral health.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Periodontitis; Vitamins; Vitamin D; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 38201914
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010081 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Jul 2023To investigate whether E-DII or vitamin D mediates the relationship between oral health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether E-DII or vitamin D mediates the relationship between oral health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
METHODS
This study involved 6616 participants aged over 30 years old from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2009-2014. Dietary inflammation and 10-year CVD risk were evaluated via the Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), respectively. We used correlation analysis and mediation analysis to investigate the role of dietary inflammation and vitamin D in the relationship between oral health and CVD risk.
RESULTS
Oral health indicators and CVD risk were positively correlated with E-DII (r > 0, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with vitamin D levels (r < 0, P < 0.001). The estimated mediating role of E-DII and vitamin D in the overall association between oral health and 10-year risk of CVD ranged from 4.9 to 7.5% and 6.6 to 11.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the mediation proportion of E-DII and vitamin D levels in the total association between oral health indicators and FRS were increased in participants without periodontitis.
CONCLUSION
Both E-DII and serum vitamin D were mediated the association between oral problems and 10-year CVD risk, especially in participants without periodontitis. Among them, E-DII played a positive mediating role, and serum vitamin D levels was a negative mediator.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Anti-inflammatory diet and prevention of vitamin D deficiency might reduce the impact of oral problems on cardiovascular disease risk to some extent. The study highlights the important role of oral health and dietary inflammation and vitamin D in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Risk Factors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Nutrition Surveys; Vitamin D; Oral Health; Diet; Inflammation; Heart Disease Risk Factors
PubMed: 37273020
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05097-w -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Jul 2020During cold acclimation fruit flies switch their feeding from yeast to plant food, however there are no robust molecular markers to monitor this in the wild. Drosophila...
During cold acclimation fruit flies switch their feeding from yeast to plant food, however there are no robust molecular markers to monitor this in the wild. Drosophila melanogaster is a sterol auxotroph and relies on dietary sterols to produce lipid membranes, lipoproteins and molting hormones. We employed shotgun lipidomics to quantify eight major food sterols in total lipid extracts of heads and genital tracts of adult male and female flies. We found that their sterol composition is dynamic and reflective of fly diet in an organ-specific manner. Season-dependent changes observed in the organs of wild-living flies suggested that the molar ratio between yeast (ergosterol, zymosterol) and plant (sitosterol, stigmasterol) sterols is a quantifiable, generic and unequivocal marker of their feeding behavior suitable for ecological and environmental population-based studies. The enrichment of phytosterols over yeast sterols in wild-living flies at low temperatures is consistent with switching from yeast to plant diet and corroborates the concomitantly increased unsaturation of their membrane lipids.
Topics: Acclimatization; Animals; Diet; Drosophila melanogaster; Female; Male; Sterols
PubMed: 32169653
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158683 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) May 2020The Scientific Report of 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee recommended the elimination of dietary cholesterol limits. However, cholesterol intake increases...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
The Scientific Report of 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee recommended the elimination of dietary cholesterol limits. However, cholesterol intake increases during pregnancy and studies regarding the association between dietary cholesterol and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are limited. We evaluate the association of total dietary cholesterol and different sources of cholesterol intake during pregnancy, with GDM risk and blood glucose levels in a Chinese prospective cohort study.
METHODS
A total of 2124 pregnant women from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort was included. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary cholesterol intake prior to GDM diagnosis. GDM was diagnosed by the 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Cubic-restricted spline function and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between dietary cholesterol intake during pregnancy and GDM. Generalized linear models were conducted to examine the associations of cholesterol intake with fasting blood glucose (FBG), 1-h post-load blood glucose (PBG) and 2-h PBG.
RESULTS
The average dietary cholesterol intake was 379.1 mg/d, and cholesterol from eggs explained 64.2% of the variability. Total dietary cholesterol intake and cholesterol from eggs rather than other foods, were linearly associated with GDM risk, with adjusted OR for GDM of 2.10 (95%CI: 1.24, 3.58) for total cholesterol intake and 1.83 (95%CI: 1.08, 3.07) for cholesterol from eggs comparing the highest versus lowest quintile. A 100-mg/d increase in total cholesterol and cholesterol from eggs intake were associated with an increased GDM risk by 18% and 16%, respectively. Moreover, higher maternal dietary total cholesterol could increase FBG and 1-h PBG, while cholesterol from eggs increased FBG only.
CONCLUSION
Higher dietary cholesterol from eggs intake during pregnancy was associated with greater risk of GDM.
Topics: Adult; Cholesterol, Dietary; Cohort Studies; Diabetes, Gestational; Diet; Eggs; Female; Humans; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31296343
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.06.016 -
Reproductive Health Feb 2024Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition in women, characterised by reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. While dietary approaches have been evaluated as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition in women, characterised by reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. While dietary approaches have been evaluated as a first-line treatment for patients with PCOS, there is limited evidence to support preference for a specific dietary composition. This systematic review and network meta-analysis was performed with the objective of comparing different dietary interventions in terms of positive impact. Metformin, the currently preferred treatment, was also compared.
METHODS
The latest systematic search was performed on the 20th of March, 2023. Eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) included patients with PCOS and compared the dietary approach with another intervention or a standard diet. Outcomes were expressed via anthropometric measurements and hormonal, glycemic, and lipid levels. The Bayesian method was used to perform a network meta-analysis and to calculate the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values in order to rank the dietary interventions. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system.
RESULTS
19 RCTs were identified, comprising data from 727 patients who were variously treated with 10 types of dietary interventions and metformin. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet was the most effective in reducing Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (SUCRA 92.33%), fasting blood glucose (SUCRA 85.92%), fasting insulin level (SUCRA 79.73%) and triglyceride level (SUCRA 82.07%). For body mass index (BMI), the most effective intervention was the low-calorie diet (SUCRA 84.59%). For weight loss, the low-calorie diet with metformin (SUCRA 74.38%) was the most effective intervention. Metformin produced the greatest reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SUCRA 78.08%) and total testosterone levels (SUCRA 71.28%). The low-carb diet was the most effective intervention for reducing cholesterol levels (SUCRA 69.68%), while the normal diet (SUCRA 65.69%) ranked first for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
CONCLUSION
Dietary interventions vary in their effects on metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Based on our results, the DASH diet is the most effective dietary intervention for treating PCOS. Registration PROSPERO ID CRD42021282984.
Topics: Female; Humans; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Network Meta-Analysis; Metformin; Diet; Cholesterol
PubMed: 38388374
DOI: 10.1186/s12978-024-01758-5 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Oct 2023Vitamin D (Vit D) and 25(OH)D are used as dietary sources of active vitamin D (1,25(OH)D) in pig husbandry. Although acting primarily on intestine, kidney and bone,... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D (Vit D) and 25(OH)D are used as dietary sources of active vitamin D (1,25(OH)D) in pig husbandry. Although acting primarily on intestine, kidney and bone, their use in pig nutrition has shown a wide range of effects also in peripheral tissues. However, there is an ambiguity in the existing literature about whether the effects of Vit D and 25(OH)D differ in attributing the molecular and phenotypic outcomes in pigs. We searched Web of Science and PubMed databases concerning the efficacy of Vit D in comparison with 25(OH)D on pig physiology, i.e. reproductive capacities, growth performance, immunity and bone development. Dietary intake of Vit D or 25(OH)D did not influence the reproductive capacity of sows. Unlike Vit D, the maternal intake of 25(OH)D significantly improved the growth performance of piglets, which might be attributed to maternally induced micronutrient efficiency. Consequently, even in the absence of maternal vitamin D supplementation, 25(OH)D-fed offspring also demonstrated better growth than the offspring received Vit D. Moreover, a similar superior impact of 25(OH)D was seen with respect to serum markers of innate and humoral immunity. Last but not least, supplements containing 25(OH)D were found to be more effective than Vit D to improve bone mineralisation and formation, especially in pigs receiving basal diets low in Ca and phosphorus. The insights are of particular value in determining the principal dietary source of vitamin D to achieve its optimum utilisation efficiency, nutritional benefits and therapeutic potency and to further improve animal welfare across different management types.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Female; Cholecalciferol; Vitamin D; Diet; Vitamins; Dietary Supplements; Bone Development
PubMed: 36847163
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114523000442 -
Current Nutrition Reports Dec 2020Active members of the military must perform optimally under conditions of thermal stress and/or energy deficiency. Military dietary reference intakes (MDRIs) provide... (Review)
Review
Active members of the military must perform optimally under conditions of thermal stress and/or energy deficiency. Military dietary reference intakes (MDRIs) provide guidelines for energy and nutrient intakes but is based studies largely conducted in Army. Needs may vary by service branch and/or position. New protein recommendations have emerged, which are not reflected in MDRIs. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Compare reported dietary intake in active duty members to MDRIs and 2016 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) sports nutrition guidelines. RECENT FINDINGS: Active duty members are not meeting their energy and carbohydrate needs with low-to-adequate protein intake and adequate-to-high fat intake. Other nutrients of concern are vitamin D, calcium, iron, B-vitamins, and fiber. Thermal stress increases energy needs and suppresses appetite and thus increase risk for energy and nutrition deficiencies. Energy and nutrients needs can vary by branch of armed service, job responsibility, and external stressors.
Topics: Calcium; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Energy Intake; Humans; Iron; Nutrients; Nutrition Policy; Nutritional Status; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Sports; United States; Vitamin D; Vitamins
PubMed: 33118099
DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00336-y -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Jun 2022This study was aimed to investigate the combined effect of zinc sulphate and folic acid (ZnF) dietary supplementation on testicular haemodynamics (TH), testicular volume...
Supplemental dietary zinc sulphate and folic acid combination improves testicular volume and haemodynamics, testosterone levels and semen quality in rams under heat stress conditions.
This study was aimed to investigate the combined effect of zinc sulphate and folic acid (ZnF) dietary supplementation on testicular haemodynamics (TH), testicular volume (TV), plasma testosterone levels (T) and semen quality of rams under heat stress conditions. Fifteen Ossimi rams were allocated to three groups: (1) G0 (n = 5) received only basic diet; (2) G1 (n = 5) received basic diet +ZnF (Zn, 0.4 mg/kg bw; F, 0.02 mg/kg bw) and (3) G2 (n = 5) received basic diet +ZnF (Zn, 0.8 mg/kg bw; F, 0.04 mg/kg bw) daily for 60 days. TH was evaluated using colour (testicular coloration, TC) and spectral modes [resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI)] Doppler of the supra-testicular arteries (proximal and distal parts, STA). Semen traits including progressive motility (PM), alive sperm % (AS), sperm viability (SV), sperm abnormalities (SA) and acrosome integrity (AI) were also assessed. The examinations were carried out one month before (D-30), the beginning of ZnF inclusion in the diet (D 0) and continued for the successive two months (D 30 and D 60). TH was significantly (p < .05) improved at D 30 and D 60, evidenced by lowering both RI and PI and increasing of TC in G1 compared to G0 and G2. In addition, both TV and serum T levels were elevated (p < .05) at D 30 and D 60 in G1 compared to other groups. Semen quality parameters (PM, AS, SV and AI) were significantly (p < .05) augmented in the same trend as TH, TV and T in G1 versus G0 and G2. A marked decrease (p < .05) in SA % was noticed at Days 30 and 60 after ZnF inclusion in G1 compared to G0 and G2. In conclusion, supplementation of the summer diet with ZnF improved the whole reproductive functions such as testicular haemodynamics and semen quality of rams housed in heat stress conditions.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Folic Acid; Heat-Shock Response; Hemodynamics; Male; Semen; Semen Analysis; Sheep; Sheep, Domestic; Sulfates; Testis; Testosterone; Zinc; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 35147249
DOI: 10.1111/rda.14096 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and sex steroids in children (6-11 years old) and adolescents (12-19 years old) in...
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and sex steroids in children (6-11 years old) and adolescents (12-19 years old) in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016.
METHODS
Participants between the ages of 6-19 have 24-hour dietary intake data, serum sex hormones [total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2)], and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) available data (n = 1382). The free androgen index (FAI) is calculated as TT divided by SHBG and the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2). The constructed puberty state is defined as high levels of steroid hormones (TT≥50 ng/dL in men, E2≥20 pg/ml in women) or onset of menarche. Multiple linear regression analysis was stratified by gender-age and gender-pubertal status groups to evaluate the association between DII and sex hormone levels.
RESULTS
After adjusting for covariates, the association between consecutive DII and sex hormone indicators by gender and age group. In male adolescents, DII was always negatively associated with TT (P-trend = 0.09), FAI (P-trend = 0.03) and E2 (P-trend = 0.01), and monotonically positively associated with SHBG (P-trend = 0.02).In female adolescents, with the increase of DII, a significant positive correlation with SHBG was observed (β 0.017, 95%CI: 0.009,0.053) (Table 3). Among female adolescents, a significant negative association between DII and TT and a significant positive association between SHBG were observed in this group. Moreover, DII was positively associated with SHBG of prepubertal males and negatively associated with FAI of prepubertal females.
CONCLUSIONS
DII was associated with decreased levels of certain sex steroid hormones (TT, FAI, and E2) and increased levels of SHBG in adolescents or pubertal individuals, with the associations presenting somewhat sex-dependent pattern. However, there is little evidence that there is a significant association in children or prepubertal children. Further research needs to be carried out to verify our results.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Diet; Estradiol; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Nutrition Surveys; Sex Factors; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; Testosterone; Young Adult
PubMed: 35082755
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.792114