-
Journal of Animal Science Sep 2022A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of supplementation of increasing concentrations of a novel, bacterial...
A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of supplementation of increasing concentrations of a novel, bacterial fermentation-derived vitamin D source on growth performance and tissue deposition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) in growing swine. Dietary treatments were as follows: commercial control with vitamin D3 (CON) at NRC recommended concentrations and three diets composed of CON + increasing inclusions (25, 50, and 250 µg/kg equivalent) of 25OHD3 from a novel source (CON + 25; CON + 50; and CON + 250, respectively). Pigs (n = 144) were assigned to 24 pens which were allotted to one of the four dietary treatments and fed for 42 d. Blood samples were collected for 25OHD3 concentration determination and individual body weights (BW) were measured on experimental day 0, 39, and 63. On day 42, tissues from 48 pigs (12 pigs per dietary treatment) were analyzed for 25OHD3 concentration. No differences were observed in growth performance. Day 39 serum 25OHD3 concentrations were greatest in CON + 250-fed pigs and linearly decreased as dietary 25OHD3 inclusion decreased (P < 0.0001). On day 42, tissue 25OHD3 concentrations increased linearly as 25OHD3 increased in the diet (P < 0.0001). On day 63, 21 d after dietary 25OHD3 withdrawal, serum 25OHD3 concentrations of all 25OHD3-fed pigs decreased to that of or within 2.76 ± 0.89 ng/mL of CON-fed pigs which demonstrates that feeding 250 µg/kg 25OHD3 is well tolerated by growing pigs and will clear the body within 21 d.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Calcifediol; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Swine; Vitamin D
PubMed: 35961010
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac260 -
Clinical Endocrinology Aug 2020There are limited recommendations for fasting in many chronic diseases such as adrenal insufficiency (AI). Research in such situations highlights potential for... (Review)
Review
There are limited recommendations for fasting in many chronic diseases such as adrenal insufficiency (AI). Research in such situations highlights potential for complications and need for education for patients with AI undertaking fasting during Ramadan. This article aimed to provide up-to-date guidance for healthcare professionals to educate, discuss and manage patients with AI who are considering fasting in Ramadan and is religiously compatible. Latest guidance on this topic and the evidence base for steroid dosing are reviewed and discussed. Risk stratification for patients with AI and optimal strategies for management, including steroid dosing, are detailed. Our review highlights that patients with AI wishing to fast should undergo a thorough risk assessment ideally several months before Ramadan. 'High risk' and 'Very high risk' patients should be encouraged to explore alternative options to fasting discussed below. Prior to the commencement of Ramadan, all patients must receive up-to-date education on sick day rules, instructions on when to terminate their fast or abstain from fasting, carry steroid warning information and must have a valid intramuscular (IM) hydrocortisone pack and know how to administer this. Switching patients with AI desiring to fast from multiple daily hydrocortisone replacement to prednisolone 5 mg once daily at dawn (during Suhoor or Sehri) is recommended and discussed. Patients on fludrocortisone for AI should be advised to take their total dose at dawn. We provide practically relevant case-based scenarios to help with the application of this guidance. Future efforts need to focus on healthcare professional awareness and further research in this setting.
Topics: Adrenal Insufficiency; Delivery of Health Care; Fasting; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Islam
PubMed: 32419166
DOI: 10.1111/cen.14250 -
Poultry Science Jun 2022This study assessed the effects of combined supplementation with canthaxanthin (Cx) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) on incubation performance, fertility, and...
This study assessed the effects of combined supplementation with canthaxanthin (Cx) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) on incubation performance, fertility, and chick quality in European quail breeders. A total of 240 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 diets and 8 replicates. The animals were fed a basal diet containing 50 µg of vitamin D or the basal diet supplemented with 3 ppm Cx and 34.5 µg 25-OH-D, 6 ppm Cx, and 69 µg 25-OH-D, 9 ppm Cx and 103.5 µg 25-OH-D, or 12 ppm Cx and 138 µg 25-OH-D. Incubation performance was analyzed in 2 periods (32 and 38 wk). Breeders aged 32 wk produced eggs with higher hatchability (P = 0.024), hatchability of fertile eggs (P = 0.026) and lower initial plus mid embryonic mortality (P = 0.021), whereas 38-week-old breeders generated chicks with a higher length at hatching (P < 0.001) and lower final plus pipped embryonic mortality (P = 0.021). In both age groups, Cx + 25-OH-D levels had a quadratic effect on egg fertility (P < 0.001), hatchability of total (P < 0.001), and fertile eggs (P < 0.001). The fertility and the number of sperm cells in the perivitelline membrane was analyzed in two periods (26 and 40 wk). A quadratic effect of diet and days after mating on both parameters (P < 0.05) was observed. Eggs from supplementing breeders showed a high fertility (P < 0.001) and sperm cell counts (P < 0.001) for up to 7 and 3 d after mating, respectively, then the control group. Moreover, the supplementation of quail breeder diets with 6 ppm Cx + 69 µg 25-OH-D enhances sperm cell longevity in sperm storage tubules, hatchability of total and fertile eggs, fertility, and chick quality, especially in older quail's breeders and reduces embryonic mortality.
Topics: Animals; Calcifediol; Canthaxanthin; Chickens; Coturnix; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fertility; Ovum; Quail
PubMed: 35468423
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101823 -
Nutrients Dec 2022Plant-based diets (PBDs) are becoming increasingly popular. Thus far, the literature has focused on their association with lipid profiles, with less investigation of... (Review)
Review
Plant-based diets (PBDs) are becoming increasingly popular. Thus far, the literature has focused on their association with lipid profiles, with less investigation of lipoprotein and inflammatory profiles. Because pro-atherogenic lipid, lipoprotein, and inflammatory processes may facilitate the development of atherosclerosis, understanding the relation between PBDs and these processes is important to inform risk mitigation strategies. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to review the literature on PBDs and lipid, lipoprotein, and inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A structured literature search was performed, retrieving 752 records, of which 43 articles were included. Plant-based diets generally associated with favourable lipid and lipoprotein profiles, characterised by decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B concentrations, and less low-grade inflammation, characterised by decreased C-reactive protein concentrations. Effect sizes from PBD interventions were greatest compared to habitual dietary patterns, and for non-low-fat vegan and tightly controlled dietary interventions. Associations between PBD indices and the reviewed biomarkers were less consistent. Findings are discussed with reference to the literature on PBDs and PBD indices and CVD risk, the associations between specific plant food groups and CVD outcomes and the reviewed biomarker outcomes, and the potential mechanisms underpinning associations between PBDs and reduced CVD risk.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Lipoproteins; Biomarkers; Cholesterol, LDL; Atherosclerosis; Diet, Vegan
PubMed: 36558530
DOI: 10.3390/nu14245371 -
Animal Biotechnology Nov 2023Vitamins are needed in trace amounts in dietary formulations for poultry; however, they are critical for the health, maintenance, and performance of important body... (Review)
Review
Vitamins are needed in trace amounts in dietary formulations for poultry; however, they are critical for the health, maintenance, and performance of important body organs. Broilers have a lot of leg issues because of their rapid development and lack of exercise. Because of commercial broilers have limited access to direct sunlight, vitamin D supplementation in the feed is critical to reducing the risk of bone deformation and maximizing development. Vitamin D deficiency causes skeletal abnormalities, which may lead also to financial problems. The latest scientific findings on the source, metabolism, mechanisms of action, and functions of vitamin D in broilers are the subject of this review paper.
Topics: Animals; Vitamin D; Dietary Supplements; Chickens; Vitamins; Diet; Animal Feed
PubMed: 34923931
DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2013861 -
International Journal of Prisoner Health Aug 2022Using a seven-day cycle menu and commissary items at a rural county jail, this study aims to describe provisions of micronutrients known to be associated with mental...
PURPOSE
Using a seven-day cycle menu and commissary items at a rural county jail, this study aims to describe provisions of micronutrients known to be associated with mental health disorders and if they meet dietary guidelines.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
The nutritional content of a seven-day cycle menu and four available commissary food packs were evaluated using NutritionCalc® Plus software (McGraw-Hill Education version 5.0.19) and compared to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI).
FINDINGS
Menu mean values of Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C and zinc met DRI recommendations. However, Vitamin D (for men and women), magnesium (for men only) and omega-3s (for men only) did not meet the DRI recommendations.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE
As deficits of Vitamin D, magnesium and omega-3s are known to exacerbate bipolar disorder, anxiety and depression, small changes to food would increase the offerings and potential intake of nutrients that may improve mental health.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Magnesium; Jails; Mental Health; Vitamin D; Prisoners; Diet
PubMed: 35916664
DOI: 10.1108/IJPH-02-2022-0009 -
Journal of Ovarian Research Jun 2023This study aimed to compare the characteristics of the gut microbiota and their metabolite profiles between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and orlistat-treated PCOS...
Integrated fecal microbiota and metabolomics analysis of the orlistat intervention effect on polycystic ovary syndrome rats induced by letrozole combined with a high-fat diet.
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to compare the characteristics of the gut microbiota and their metabolite profiles between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and orlistat-treated PCOS rats (ORL-PCOS), which could help to better understand the underlying mechanism of the effect of orlistat on PCOS.
METHODS
PCOS rat models were established using letrozole combined with a high-fat diet. Ten rats were randomly selected as a PCOS control group (PCOS). The other three groups (n = 10/group) were additionally supplemented with different doses of orlistat (low, medium, high). Then, fecal samples of the PCOS and ORL-PCOS groups were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Blood samples were collected to detect serum sex hormones and lipids.
RESULTS
The results showed that orlistat attenuated the body weight gain, decreased the levels of T, LH, the LH/FSH ratio, TC, TG and LDL-C; increased the level of E2; and improved estrous cycle disorder in PCOS rats. The bacterial richness and diversity of the gut microbiota in the ORL-PCOS group were higher than those in the PCOS group. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was decreased with orlistat treatment. Moreover, orlistat treatment led to a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae, and increases in the abundances of Muribaculaceae and Bacteroidaceae. Metabolic analysis identified 216 differential fecal metabolites in total and 6 enriched KEGG pathways between the two groups, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and vitamin digestion and absorption. Steroid hormone biosynthesis was the pathway with the most significant enrichment. The correlations between the gut microbiota and differential metabolites were calculated, which may provide a basis for understanding the composition and function of microbial communities.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggested that orlistat exerts a PCOS treatment effect, which may be mediated by modifying the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, as well as the metabolite profiles of PCOS rats.
Topics: Humans; Female; Rats; Animals; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Orlistat; Letrozole; Diet, High-Fat; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Microbiota; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Metabolomics; Steroids
PubMed: 37277785
DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01193-3 -
British Poultry Science Oct 20231. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cholecalciferol (vitamin D) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) supplementation on the reproductive...
Dietary cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation interact to modulate reproductive performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and tibia quality of breeder geese.
1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cholecalciferol (vitamin D) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) supplementation on the reproductive performance, egg quality, eggshell ultrastructure, serum hormone level and antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and tibia quality of breeder geese during the laying period.2. The trial was designed as a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three levels (300, 400 and 500 IU/kg) of vitamin D supplementation and three levels (25, 50 and 75 μg/kg) of 25-OH-D supplementation in a 10-wk feeding trial.3. The results showed that the combined supplementation of 400 IU/kg vitamin D and 50 μg/kg 25-OH-D had a better feed conversion ratio and a higher egg laying rate than the other groups. Vitamin D supplementation significantly increased the rate of qualified eggs for hatching, eggshell strength and thickness, serum testosterone and progesterone levels, serum total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, tibia ash content and bone mineral density ( < 0.05). Dietary 25-OH-D supplementation significantly increased serum glutathione peroxidase activity and duodenal villus height and villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio ( < 0.05). The geese receiving 500 IU/kg vitamin D and 75 µg/kg 25-OH-D had the highest tibia calcium and phosphorous content among all groups ( < 0.05).4. Feeding 400 IU/kg vitamin D plus 50 µg/kg 25-OH-D gave optimal effects on feed conversion ratio and egg laying rate. This combination could be a nutritional strategy for increasing the laying rate, eggshell quality, serum hormone levels and serum antioxidant function regardless of 25-OH-D supplementation. Supplementation of 50 μg/kg 25-OH-D could be a recommended dose for improving the serum antioxidant capacity and intestinal morphology regardless of vitamin D supplementation.
Topics: Animals; Animal Feed; Antioxidants; Calcifediol; Chickens; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Geese; Glutathione Peroxidase; Hormones; Ovum; Tibia
PubMed: 37466364
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2229266 -
Nutrients May 2022Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence in both adults and children. Although... (Review)
Review
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence in both adults and children. Although the symptoms are absent or poorly expressed in most cases, some patients may progress to end-stage liver disease. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is known to be multifactorial. Current therapeutic recommendations focus on lifestyle changes in order to reduce the incidence of risk factors and drugs targeting major molecular pathways potentially involved in the development of this disease. Given that a pharmacological treatment, completely safe and effective, is not currently known in recent years more research has been done on the effects that some bio-active natural compounds, derived from plants, have in preventing the onset and progression of NAFLD. Numerous studies, in animals and humans, have shown that phytosterols (PSs) play an important role in this pathology. Phytosterols are natural products that are found naturally in plant. More than 250 phytosterols have been identified, but the most common in the diet are stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol. Consumption of dietary PSs can reduce serum cholesterol levels. Due to these properties, most studies have focused on their action on lipid metabolism and the evolution of NAFLD. PSs may reduce steatosis, cytotoxicity oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the importance of dietary phytosterols, which are a window of opportunity in the therapeutic management of NAFLD.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Phytosterols; Stigmasterol
PubMed: 35683987
DOI: 10.3390/nu14112187 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2020Vitamin D has been associated with numerous diseases and is important for bones and muscle strength. The sources of vitamin D are dietary and endogenous. Shifts from the... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D has been associated with numerous diseases and is important for bones and muscle strength. The sources of vitamin D are dietary and endogenous. Shifts from the Arctic night to midnight sun influences endogenous production of vitamin D as does dietary transition in Greenland. Seasonal shifts in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) are 30%. In addition, dietary transition in Greenland has reduced 25-OHD intake to levels of concern in younger individuals. Disease pattern in Greenland mirrors those seen elsewhere, but there are indicators of genetic adaption to Arctic night and diet, which is discussed in this review.
Topics: Arctic Regions; Diet; Greenland; Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 32515335
DOI: No ID Found