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Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop... 2020Establishing dietary recommendations for micronutrients in young children is difficult. Techniques used to evaluate nutrient intake and bioavailability are hard to apply... (Review)
Review
Establishing dietary recommendations for micronutrients in young children is difficult. Techniques used to evaluate nutrient intake and bioavailability are hard to apply in this age group. Additionally, large variations in growth rates, dietary patterns, and nutrient losses in early childhood make determinations of dietary requirements difficult. Most recent studies have utilized stable isotopes to determine mineral absorption for iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. Vitamin D requirements have been established based on the dietary intake required to maintain a presumed adequate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Comparisons of nutrient requirements established using factorial methods involving absorption determinations and usual population intake are important to identify nutrients of concern related to deficient or excess intakes. Generally, in the USA, the intakes of calcium and magnesium are adequate to meet requirements in most toddler diets which include a milk source or a mineral-fortified milk alternative. Zinc and iron intakes can be below requirements in a substantial proportion of toddlers throughout the world, especially those with minimal meat consumption. Dietary vitamin D is generally below dietary recommendations, but clearly deficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are less common, and the global role for routine vitamin D supplementation or fortification of the diet remains uncertain.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Humans; Infant; Micronutrients; Nutritional Requirements
PubMed: 33147581
DOI: 10.1159/000511507 -
Current Nutrition Reports Sep 2020A variety of potentially modifiable risk factors have been investigated in an attempt to delay/prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among these, dietary regimens and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
A variety of potentially modifiable risk factors have been investigated in an attempt to delay/prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among these, dietary regimens and nutritional supplements have been most extensively studied. The purpose of this article is to critically review recent evidence for the Mediterranean/MIND diets along with the use of various vitamins and popular herbal supplements, including curcumin, Ginkgo biloba, and fish oil, among others.
RECENT FINDINGS
The Mediterranean and MIND diets are supported by observational studies performed in community settings, especially in the group with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet and with moderate-high adherence to the MIND diet. Randomized controlled trials of various vitamins and supplements have, in general, not shown statistically significant results, although there has been some promising evidence for vitamin D supplementation and curcumin use. There is sufficient data to recommend the Mediterranean and MIND diets to delay the onset of AD. It is judicious to supplement vitamin D, especially in deficient patients, and to consider the use of curcumin to improve cognitive performance. Future research should focus on larger, controlled trials in diverse populations.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Diet, Ketogenic; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Dietary Supplements; Humans
PubMed: 32681411
DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00333-1 -
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal... Nov 202225-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D... (Review)
Review
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD instead of vitamin D is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D by 25-OHD , some experiments indicated that 25-OHD might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Female; Calcifediol; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Vitamin D; Minerals; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36045590
DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13768 -
Poultry Science May 2021This study was conducted to investigate the beneficial effects of bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDC) on growth performance, glutathione (GSH) redox potential, antioxidant enzyme...
This study was conducted to investigate the beneficial effects of bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDC) on growth performance, glutathione (GSH) redox potential, antioxidant enzyme defense, and gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged broilers. A total of 320, male, 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups including 8 replicates with 10 birds per cage in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: BDC supplementation (a basal diet with 0 or 150 mg/kg BDC) and LPS challenge (intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg body weight saline or LPS at 16, 18, and 20 d of age). Results showed that dietary BDC supplementation prevented the LPS-induced decrease in ADG of broilers (P < 0.05). Compared to the saline-challenged group, LPS-challenged broilers showed higher jejunal and ileal malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents (P < 0.05). Dietary BDC supplementation alleviated LPS-induced increases in jejunal 8-OHdG, ileal MDA, and PC contents (P < 0.05). LPS challenge impaired the small intestinal antioxidant system, as evident by the decreases of GSH and total thiol contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. On the other hand, LPS challenge also increased GSH redox potential and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) contents (P < 0.05). Dietary BDC supplementation increased jejunal and ileal GSH contents, SOD activities, jejunal GR activity, and ileal GST activity, while it decreased jejunal and ileal redox potential, and jejunal GSSG contents (P < 0.05). Dietary BDC supplementation significantly alleviated the downregulation of mRNA expression levels of jejunal and ileal copper and zinc superoxide dismutase, catalytic subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase 1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, and jejunal catalase and GR induced by LPS challenge (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BDC demonstrated favorable protection against LPS-induced small intestinal oxidative damages, as indicated by the improved growth performance, decreased GSH redox potential, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, and upregulated antioxidant-related gene expression.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Chickens; Diarylheptanoids; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 33756250
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101061 -
Poultry Science May 2021The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural astaxanthin (ASTA) from Haematococcus pluvialis on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant...
Dietary supplementation with natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis improves antioxidant enzyme activity, free radical scavenging ability, and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in laying hens.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural astaxanthin (ASTA) from Haematococcus pluvialis on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant enzyme activity, free radical scavenging ability, and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in laying hens. Nongda No. 3 laying hens (n = 450) were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates of 15 hens each. All birds were assigned to a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0, 20, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg ASTA for 4 wk. With increasing dietary ASTA, no significant effects were observed on egg weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, laying rate, Haugh unit, or eggshell strength. Yolk color darkened linearly with increasing dose of ASTA (P < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity was improved in the kidney with dietary ASTA at levels of 40 mg/kg. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased in the liver, kidney, and plasma with dietary ASTA supplementation at 40 mg/kg. With increasing dietary ASTA, the scavenging abilities of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions were linearly increased (P < 0.05), and the malondialdehyde content decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, mRNA expression of Cu-Zn SOD (SOD1), Mn SOD (SOD2), and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in the liver and kidney was significantly increased in the 40 mg/kg ASTA group (P < 0.05). The level of GPX4 mRNA in the liver and kidney was significantly increased with ASTA supplementation at 40 and 80 mg/kg (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate that dietary ASTA improves free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant enzyme activity, which may be related in part to the upregulated mRNA expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and NRF2.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Free Radicals; Gene Expression; Ovum; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 33752070
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101045 -
Poultry Science Dec 2021This study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary Ser on performance, egg quality, serum indices, and ileal mucosal immunity in laying hens fed low crude protein...
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary Ser on performance, egg quality, serum indices, and ileal mucosal immunity in laying hens fed low crude protein (LCP), essential amino acids (EAA) balanced diets. A total of 480 Hy-Line Brown layers at 24 wk of age were randomly assigned into 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates of 12 birds each. Treatments included a control diet (16.49% CP), and 4 LCP, EAA balanced diets (14.05% CP) supplemented with 0, 0.114%, 0.306%, 0.498% L-Ser, respectively. Dietary Ser supplementation linearly increased hen-day egg production (HDEP; P < 0.05) and decreased feed-to-egg ratio (P < 0.05) among LCP groups from wk 6 to 10, and the optimal HDEP of layers occurred at Ser level of 0.498%. At the end of wk 10, birds in the control had higher albumen height and thick white proportion than those fed the LCP diet without Ser addition (P < 0.05), and presented a lower yolk color score than all LCP groups (P < 0.05). Among LCP groups, serum total protein and globulin contents were significantly increased by dietary Ser addition at the levels of 0.306% and 0.498% (P < 0.05), and had a linear response to the supplemental Ser levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary 0.498% Ser supplementation significantly increased serum immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M contents (P < 0.05) and up-regulated the expression of mucin 2, secretory immunoglobulin A, and relevant glycosyltransferases of O-glycosylation in ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). The increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-1β induced by LCP diets (P < 0.05) was reversed following 0.498% Ser addition (P < 0.05). Collectively, dietary CP reduction by 2.44% could maintain the productive performance of layers when it was fortified with certain EAA, though poor albumen quality, and ileal inflammation were occurred. The addition of Ser to LCP diets improved performance probably through enhancing humoral and ileal mucosal immunity and attenuating the ileal inflammation of layers.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Dietary Supplements; Female; Immunity, Mucosal; Serine
PubMed: 34634711
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101465 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Mar 2022A 28-day study was done to explore the impact of nano-iron alone or combined with methionine on growth, blood chemistry, liver biomarkers, and tissue histology of...
A 28-day study was done to explore the impact of nano-iron alone or combined with methionine on growth, blood chemistry, liver biomarkers, and tissue histology of heat-stressed chicken. One-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to three groups. Each group was divided into three replicates (13 chicks/replicate). The first group was the control one that was fed a basal diet without supplementation (T0). The second group was fed a basal diet with nano-iron 4 mg kg diet (T1). The third group was fed a basal diet with nano-iron 4 mg kg diet plus methionine 4 g kg diet (T2). The results showed that the birds in the control group had significantly (p < 0.05) higher final weights. Also, a partial relief of heat stress adverse effects was observed on growth by T1 compared to T2. The T2 showed a significantly increased (p < 0.05) free iron (Fe) level and transferrin saturation index. Likewise, T2 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin level in comparison with T0 and T1. Also, hepatic impairment and inflammatory response were observed in the T2 group when compared to T0 and T1, besides a bad lipid profile. Further, T2 showed raised levels of Fe and ferritin in their hepatic tissues compared to those T1 and T0. A significant increment of thiobarbituric acid reactive and decrement of reduced glutathione levels in the hepatic tissues of T2 and T1 versus T0 levels were recorded. It is concluded that nano-iron at the level of 4 mg kg in this study is highly absorbed, leading to harmful effects. Further investigations are needed to detect the proper supplemental level.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Biomarkers; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Heat-Shock Response; Iron; Liver; Methionine
PubMed: 35246767
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03130-w -
Journal of Proteomics Jul 2021Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) is a microalga with a high content of crude protein. It has a recalcitrant cell wall that limits the accessibility of the animal...
Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) is a microalga with a high content of crude protein. It has a recalcitrant cell wall that limits the accessibility of the animal endogenous enzymes to its intracellular nutrients. Enzymatic supplementation aiming to degrade cell walls could benefit microalgae digestibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of dietary Spirulina and lysozyme supplementation over the muscle proteome of piglets during the post-weaning stage. Thirty piglets were randomly distributed among three diets: control (no microalga), SP (10% Spirulina) and SP + L (10% Spirulina +0.01% lysozyme). After 4 weeks, they were sacrificed and samples of the longissimus lumborum muscle were taken. The muscle proteome was analysed using a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative approach. A total of 832 proteins were identified. Three comparisons were computed: SP vs Ctrl, SP + L vs Ctrl and SP + L vs SP. They had ten, four and twelve differentially abundant proteins. Glycogen metabolism and nutrient reserves utilization are increased in the SP piglets. Structural muscle protein synthesis increased, causing higher energy requirements in SP + L piglets. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of proteomics to disclose the effect of dietary microalgae, whilst unveiling putative mechanisms derived from lysozyme supplementation. Data available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024083. SIGNIFICANCE: Spirulina, a microalga, is an alternative to conventional crops which could enhance the environmental sustainability of animal production. Due to its recalcitrant cell wall, its use requires additional measures to prevent anti-nutritional effects on the feeding of piglets in the post-weaning period, during which they endure post-weaning stress. One of such measures could be CAZyme supplementation to help degrade the cell wall during digestion. Muscle proteomics provides insightful data on the effect of dietary microalgae and enzyme activity on piglet metabolism.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Muramidase; Muscles; Proteome; Spirulina; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 34023516
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104274 -
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Oct 2023Piperine, the main bioactive component of black pepper (Piper nigrum) or long pepper (Piper longum), has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial properties....
Piperine, the main bioactive component of black pepper (Piper nigrum) or long pepper (Piper longum), has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. This study was carried out to evaluate the supplemental effects of piperine in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) diets. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain different levels of piperine at 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 2.00 g/kg (Con, P25, P50, P75, P100, and P200, respectively). Diets were randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight 27.6 ± 0.4 g, 30 fish/tank) and fed three times daily for 8 weeks. Results showed that dietary piperine significantly improved fish growth and feed utilization efficiency. The highest growth, including the highest Igf-1 mRNA expression, was observed in the P50 group, while P50 and P75 groups showed the highest protein efficiency ratio. Compared to the Con group piperine supplemented groups had significantly higher lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin level, and phagocytosis activities. Plasma cholesterol was significantly lower in fish fed P200 diet. Dry matter and protein digestibility were higher in P25, P50, and P75 groups than in Con group. Dietary piperine increased the intestinal villi length and goblet cell counts. In the challenge test against Edwardsiella tarda, all the groups supplemented with piperine showed higher cumulative survival compared to Con group. Therefore, these findings indicate that dietary piperine supplementation can improve growth performance, innate immunity, disease resistance, diet digestibility, and intestinal morphology of olive flounder. The optimum dietary piperine level seems to be approximately 0.5 g/kg for the fish.
Topics: Animals; Flounder; Immunity, Innate; Dietary Supplements; Disease Resistance; Diet; Animal Feed; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37594621
DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01229-x -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2023Acremonium terricola is used in the feed of dairy animals to promote growth and control diseases. However, the effects of dietary supplementation with A. terricola on...
Dietary supplementation with Acremonium terricola culture alters the gut microbial structure and improves the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune function of weaning piglets.
BACKGROUND
Acremonium terricola is used in the feed of dairy animals to promote growth and control diseases. However, the effects of dietary supplementation with A. terricola on the gut microbial structure of weaning piglets remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with A. terricola culture (ATC) on the growth performance, antioxidant status, immunity, and gut environment of weaning piglets. Sixty piglets were fed a basal diet supplemented with 1 g ATC/kg of basal diet (experimental group). Another 60 piglets did not receive ATC (control group). The intervention lasted for 20 days.
RESULTS
The experimental group had higher daily weight gain and feed efficiency than did the control group. Significant increases were noted in the levels of serum insulin (P = 0.0018), insulin-like growth factor (P = 0.0018), triiodothyronine (P = 0.0031), immunoglobulin A (P < 0.0001), immunoglobulin M (P = 0.001), immunoglobulin G (P = 0.0001), and interferon γ (P < 0.0001) in the experimental group compared with the levels in the control group. Furthermore, ATC supplementation significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Shuttleworthia, Succinivibrio, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, and Paludibacter but increased that of Phascolarctobacterium, Megasphaera, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella in the experimental group compared with that in the control group. Notably, ATC supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P < 0.05), which is involved in anti-inflammatory activities, gut barrier enhancement, and butyrate production.
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary supplementation with ATC may improve the growth performance, antioxidant status, immunity, and fecal microflora of weaning pigs.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Antioxidants; Weaning; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Immunity; Animal Feed
PubMed: 38053083
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03778-y