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Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Apr 2020This review represents a focus on the structure and properties of the common nutritional disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and sucrose) in health and disease. The aim is... (Review)
Review
SCOPE
This review represents a focus on the structure and properties of the common nutritional disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and sucrose) in health and disease. The aim is to provide a comprehensive reference source related to the role of disaccharides in human nutrition.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Key reference sources are searched, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley Online, and key reference works are selected to support the factual basis of the text where interpretations and relevance of the works are discussed in the review. There are key nutritional health benefits of receiving dietary energy in the form of sugars, but equally life-threatening issues exist associated with constant/excess consumption. These issues are discussed together with genetic disorders, which impact upon health associated with consumption of the disaccharides (e.g., specific disaccharide intolerance due to deficiency of relevant digestive enzymes).
CONCLUSIONS
As the three common dietary disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and sucrose) are consumed on a very regular basis in the human diet, it is critical to understand insofar as possible their role in health and disease. This review provides an insight into the structure and properties of these molecules in health and disease.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Disaccharides; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Glycemic Index; Humans; Lactose; Lipids; Maltose; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Sucrose
PubMed: 32045507
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901082 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Jul 2019This review summarizes progress in analysis of glycosaminoglycans using mass spectrometry (MS) approaches. The specific areas covered include analytical challenges,... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes progress in analysis of glycosaminoglycans using mass spectrometry (MS) approaches. The specific areas covered include analytical challenges, disaccharide analysis, top-down and bottom-up techniques, sequence analysis, and future perspectives. A brief outline of the complexity and heterogeneity of these unique saccharides and their analysis is provided along with examples of several recent studies. Unique problems and challenges in the characterization of glycosaminoglycans are discussed along with many of the analytical tools used in particular MS methods and the types of information provided. Advances in MS-related technologies have provided more sensitive and accurate detection and sequence analysis of this complex and chemically unique class of bioconjugates. Effective MS-based methods and automated data handling with bioinformatics tools have been developed for disaccharide analysis, top-down and bottom-up analysis, and sequencing studies of relatively short oligosaccharides. It is envisioned that further improvements in MS technologies along with bioinformatics methods will make sequencing studies of longer glycosaminoglycan chains easier and faster.
Topics: Carbohydrate Sequence; Computational Biology; Disaccharides; Glycosaminoglycans; Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 30911798
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01722-4 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Nov 2022Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a natural anionic mucopolysaccharide, belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family, acts as the primary element of the extracellular matrix (ECM)... (Review)
Review
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a natural anionic mucopolysaccharide, belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family, acts as the primary element of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of diverse organisms. It comprises repeating units of disaccharides possessing β-1,3-linked -acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc), and β-1,4-linked D-glucuronic acid (GlcA), and exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, anti-oxidant, and anti-thrombogenic activities. It is a naturally acquired bio-macromolecule with beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and immensely low toxicity, making it the center of attention in developing biomaterials for various biomedical applications. The authors have discussed the structure, unique properties, and extraction source of CS in the initial section of this review. Further, the current investigations on applications of CS-based composites in various biomedical fields, focusing on delivering active pharmaceutical compounds, tissue engineering, and wound healing, are discussed critically. In addition, the manuscript throws light on preclinical and clinical studies associated with CS composites. A short section on Chondroitinase ABC has also been canvassed. Finally, this review emphasizes the current challenges and prospects of CS in various biomedical fields.
Topics: Chondroitin Sulfates; Disaccharides; Glucuronic Acid; Glycosaminoglycans
PubMed: 36342328
DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01514e -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Mar 2021Described herein is the first example of glycosidation of thioglycosides in the presence of palladium(ii) bromide. While the activation with PdBr2 alone was proven...
Described herein is the first example of glycosidation of thioglycosides in the presence of palladium(ii) bromide. While the activation with PdBr2 alone was proven feasible, higher yields and cleaner reactions were achieved when these glycosylations were performed in the presence of propargyl bromide as an additive. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that propargyl bromide assists the reaction by creating an ionizing complex, which accelerates the leaving group departure. A variety of thioglycoside donors in reactions with different glycosyl acceptors were investigated to determine the initial scope of this new reaction. Selective and chemoselective activation of thioglycosides over other leaving groups has also been explored.
Topics: Catalysis; Disaccharides; Glycosylation; Palladium; Pargyline; Thioglycosides
PubMed: 33599667
DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00004g -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a Glycosaminoglycan made of disaccharide units containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. Its molecular mass can reach 10 MDa and its... (Review)
Review
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a Glycosaminoglycan made of disaccharide units containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. Its molecular mass can reach 10 MDa and its physiological properties depend on its polymeric property, polyelectrolyte feature and viscous nature. HA is a ubiquitous compound found in almost all biological tissues and fluids. So far, HA grades are produced by biotechnology processes, while in the human organism it is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in brain tissue, synovial fluid, vitreous humor, cartilage and skin. Indeed, HA is capable of forming hydrogels, polymer crosslinked networks that are very hygroscopic. Based on these considerations, we propose an overview of HA-based scaffolds developed for brain cancer treatment, central and peripheral nervous systems, discuss their relevance and identify the most successful developed systems.
Topics: Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Polyelectrolytes; Acetylglucosamine; Hydrogels; Glycosaminoglycans; Glucuronic Acid; Disaccharides; Nervous System; Tissue Scaffolds; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 36293030
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012174 -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2021Derivatives of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Monosaccharides are the single carbohydrate building blocks, such as... (Review)
Review
Derivatives of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Monosaccharides are the single carbohydrate building blocks, such as glucose, xylose, and fructose. Oligosaccharides are composed of 2-10 monosaccharides, including disaccharides and trisaccharides. Moreover, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and their derivatives are vital molecules with various biological properties, including anticancer activity, antiviral activity, insecticidal activity, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity. This review covers a survey of structural modifications, biological activities, and mechanisms of action of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and their derivatives. Additionally, their structure-activity relationships are also concluded.
Topics: Animals; Disaccharides; Fructose; Glucose; Humans; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Xylose
PubMed: 33550971
DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210125145321 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Jul 2022Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive molecule that has generated keen interest in different industries. However, its future application in the food area is one of the... (Review)
Review
Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive molecule that has generated keen interest in different industries. However, its future application in the food area is one of the most promising. Chemically, it is a polyhydroxy acid formed by the union of two molecules (galactose and gluconic acid) linked by an ether-bond, showing many interesting and unusual properties due to its structure and composition, although it is traditionally known in the food industry for its chelating, moisturizing, gelling, and antioxidant properties. There has been much research into the production of LBA, either by microbial fermentation or biocatalytic approaches such as enzymatic synthesis, but its use in foodstuffs, to produce new functional products and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens, is a relatively new topic that has attracted the interest of the international research community recently. Furthermore, in spite of the potential of LBA, it has been approved only by the US Food and Drug Administration, and for its use as the salt form, but the publication of new comprehensive studies, able to agglutinate all the new food-related LBA research results, could disseminate knowledge about this compound and have an influence on its current regulation status. The aim of the present review is to describe the most recent advances and research on its antimicrobial potential, as well as summarizing the significant aspects that make LBA a promising bioactive compound for the food sector. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Disaccharides; Fermentation
PubMed: 35174887
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11823 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Apr 2022Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used as prebiotic ingredients in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. Currently, production of GOS involves the enzymatic... (Review)
Review
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used as prebiotic ingredients in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. Currently, production of GOS involves the enzymatic conversion of lactose by transgalactosylation using β-galactosidase. The purity of the resulting product is low, typically limited to up to 55% GOS on total carbohydrate basis due to the presence of non-reacted lactose, and the formation of by-products glucose and galactose. In industrial practice high-purity GOS is manufactured by removing the unwanted mono- and disaccharides from raw GOS with simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography. This purification step is associated with high processing cost that increases the price of pure GOS and limits its marketability. The last decades have witnessed a growing interest in developing competitive biotechnological processes that could replace chromatography. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the recent advancements of microbial GOS purification, a process commonly referred to as selective fermentation or selective metabolism. Purification strategies include: (i) removal of glucose alone or together with galactose by lactose negative yeast species, that typically results in purity values below 60% due to remaining lactose; (ii) removal of both mono- and disaccharides by combining the fast monosaccharide metabolizing capacity of some yeast species with efficient lactose consumption by certain lactose positive microbes, reaching GOS purity in the range of 60-95%; and (iii) the application of selected strains of Kluyveromyces species with high lactose metabolizing activity to achieve high-purity GOS that is practically free from lactose and monosaccharides.
Topics: Disaccharides; Galactose; Glucose; Lactose; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; beta-Galactosidase
PubMed: 35441950
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03279-4 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023L. (RRL) is a popular plant in traditional medicine, and Rosavin, a characteristic ingredient of RRL, is considered one of the most important active ingredients in it.... (Review)
Review
L. (RRL) is a popular plant in traditional medicine, and Rosavin, a characteristic ingredient of RRL, is considered one of the most important active ingredients in it. In recent years, with deepening research on its pharmacological actions, the clinical application value and demand for Rosavin have been steadily increasing. Various routes for the extraction and all-chemical or biological synthesis of Rosavin have been gradually developed for the large-scale production and broad application of Rosavin. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Rosavin has a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, lipid-lowering, analgesic, antiradiation, antitumor and immunomodulation effects. Rosavin showed significant therapeutic effects on a range of chronic diseases, including neurological, digestive, respiratory and bone-related disorders during in vitro and vivo experiments, demonstrating the great potential of Rosavin as a therapeutic drug for diseases. This paper gives a comprehensive and insightful overview of Rosavin, focusing on its extraction and synthesis, pharmacological activities, progress in disease-treatment research and formulation studies, providing a reference for the production and preparation, further clinical research and applications of Rosavin in the future.
Topics: Plant Extracts; Rhodiola; Disaccharides; Antioxidants
PubMed: 37959831
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217412 -
Pharmacological Research Sep 2022Induction of autophagy is a prospective approach to the treatment of neurodegeneration. In the recent decade, trehalose attracted special attention. It is an autophagy... (Review)
Review
Induction of autophagy is a prospective approach to the treatment of neurodegeneration. In the recent decade, trehalose attracted special attention. It is an autophagy inducer with negligible adverse effects and is approved for use in humans according to FDA requirements. Trehalose has a therapeutic effect in various experimental models of diseases. This glucose disaccharide with a flexible α-1-1'-glycosidic bond has unique properties: induction of mTOR-independent autophagy (with kinase AMPK as the main target) and a chaperone-like effect on proteins imparting them natural spatial structure. Thus, it can reduce the accumulation of neurotoxic aberrant/misfolded proteins. Trehalose has an anti-inflammatory effect and inhibits detrimental oxidative stress partially owing to the enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defense represented by the Nrf2 protein. The disaccharide activates lysosome and autophagosome biogenesis pathways through the protein factors TFEB and FOXO1. Here we review various mechanisms of the neuroprotective action of trehalose and touch on the possibility of pleiotropic effects. Current knowledge about specific features of trehalose pharmacodynamics is discussed. The neuroprotective effects of trehalose in animal models of major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases are examined too. Attention is given to translational transition to clinical trials of this drug, especially oral and parenteral routes of administration. Besides, the possibility of enhancing the therapeutic benefit via a combination of mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent autophagy inducers is analyzed. In general, trehalose appears to be a promising multitarget tool for the inhibition of experimental neurodegeneration and requires thorough investigation of its clinical capabilities.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Disaccharides; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Therapies, Investigational; Trehalose
PubMed: 35907433
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106373