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The American Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2022Food ingestion is a major symptom trigger in functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders and gastroparesis. This review summarizes current knowledge and... (Review)
Review
Food ingestion is a major symptom trigger in functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders and gastroparesis. This review summarizes current knowledge and identifies areas of research on the role of food factors and the opportunities for dietary intervention in these disorders. While many patients experiencing functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders identify specific food items as symptom triggers, available data do not allow the identification of specific nutrient groups that are more likely to induce symptoms. In functional dyspepsia (FD), recent studies have shown the potential efficacy of a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, although the underlying mechanism of action is unclear. Reports of favorable responses to gluten elimination in patients with FD are confounded by the concomitant benefit of reduced intake of fructans, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols present in wheat. Emerging data based on a 6-food elimination diet and confocal laser endomicroscopic evaluation of mucosal responses to food proteins suggest a role for duodenal allergic reactions in FD symptom generation. In patients with gastroparesis, a low-residue diet has been shown to improve symptoms. Novel dietary approaches under evaluation are the Mediterranean diet and the heating/cooling diet approach.
Topics: Brain; Diet; Disaccharides; Dyspepsia; Fermentation; Gastroparesis; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 35417429
DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001780 -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Oct 2022Modification of the carbohydrate scaffold is an important theme in drug and vaccine discovery. Therefore, the preparation of novel types of glycomimetics is of interest...
Modification of the carbohydrate scaffold is an important theme in drug and vaccine discovery. Therefore, the preparation of novel types of glycomimetics is of interest in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. In this manuscript, we present an early investigation of the synthesis, structure, and conformational behaviour of (1→1)--disaccharides as a novel type of glycomimetics arising from the replacement of interglycosidic oxygen with a dimethyl-, methylpropyl-, or diisopropylsilyl linkage. We accomplished the preparation of this unusual group of umpoled compounds by the reaction of lithiated glycal or 2-oxyglycal units with dialkyldichlorosilanes. We demonstrated the good stability of the "-glycosidic" linkage under acidic conditions even at elevated temperatures. Next, we described the conformational landscape of these compounds by the combination of modelling with spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Finally, we explained the observed conformational flexibility of these compounds by the absence of stabilizing effects that are typically at play in natural carbohydrates.
Topics: Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbohydrates; Disaccharides; Glycosides; Oxygen; Silicon
PubMed: 35861668
DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01161a -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Although glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are known to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, knowledge about their expression by cells or...
Although glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are known to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, knowledge about their expression by cells or tissues, the GAGome, is limited. Xylosides can be used to induce the formation of GAGs without the presence of a proteoglycan core protein. The administration of xylosides to living cells tends to result in a considerable amplification in GAG production, and the xylosides can, therefore, be used as analytical tools to study the GAG produced by a certain cell type. One of the most common ways to analyze the GAGs structurally is by disaccharide analysis, which involves depolymerization of the GAGs into disaccharides, fluorescent labeling of the disaccharides with 2-aminoacridone, and quantification using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Here, we describe the procedure of producing xyloside-primed GAGs and how to study them structurally by disaccharide analysis.
Topics: Chondroitin Sulfates; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disaccharides; Glycosaminoglycans; Glycosides
PubMed: 34626379
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_15 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Nov 2019In the daily diet, sweeteners play an indispensable role. Among them, sucrose, a widely occurring disaccharide in nature, is a commonly used sweetener. However, the... (Review)
Review
In the daily diet, sweeteners play an indispensable role. Among them, sucrose, a widely occurring disaccharide in nature, is a commonly used sweetener. However, the intake of sucrose can cause a rapid increase in blood glucose, which leads to a number of health problems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for possible alternatives to sucrose. Currently, four naturally occurring sucrose isomers, trehalulose, turanose, leucrose, and isomaltulose are considered to be possible alternatives to sucrose due to their suitable sweetness, potential physiological benefits, and feasible production processes. This review covers the properties of these alternative sweeteners, including their structure, sweetness, hydrolysis rate, toxicology, and cariogenicity, and exhibits their potential applications in chronic diseases management, anti-inflammatory supplement, prebiotic dietary supplement, and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesis of these sucrose isomers using carbohydrate-active enzymes and their industrial production processes are also systematically summarized.
Topics: Diet; Disaccharides; Food; Humans; Isomaltose; Isomerism; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Taste
PubMed: 31587089
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10132-6 -
Analytica Chimica Acta Oct 2023Carbohydrates play crucial regulatory roles in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the low ionization efficiency and the presence of linkage...
Carbohydrates play crucial regulatory roles in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the low ionization efficiency and the presence of linkage pattern, monosaccharide composition and anomeric configuration isomers make their in-depth analysis very challenging, especially for heterogeneous biological tissues. In this study, we propose a high-sensitive and isomer-specific imaging approach to visualize the spatial distributions of monosaccharide and disaccharide isomers by integrating chemical derivatization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). 2-Pyridinecarbohydrazide (PYD) is developed as a novel derivatization reagent which can not only improves the MS sensitivity of carbohydrates, but also enables the identification and visualization of ketose and aldose monosaccharide isomers, as well as linkage pattern, monosaccharide composition and anomeric configuration disaccharide isomers by mass spectrometry imaging of isomer-specific MS/MS fragment ions. Moreover, we build quantitative MALDI-MS and MALDI-MSI methods for disaccharide isomers based on the diagnostic fragment ions, and good linear relationships could be achieved both in solution and on glass slides. We expect that this study should provide new ideas for in-depth profiling of the spatial signatures of carbohydrates in biological tissues and lay the foundation for a deeper understanding of carbohydrates' structure.
Topics: Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Monosaccharides; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Disaccharides; Aldehydes
PubMed: 37709472
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341741 -
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Dec 2023In recent years, trehalose, a natural disaccharide, has attracted growing attention because of the discovery of its potential to induce autophagy. Trehalose has also... (Review)
Review
In recent years, trehalose, a natural disaccharide, has attracted growing attention because of the discovery of its potential to induce autophagy. Trehalose has also been demonstrated to preserve the protein's structural integrity and to limit the aggregation of pathologically misfolded proteins. Both of these properties have made trehalose a promising therapeutic candidate to target autophagy-related disorders and protein aggregation diseases. Unfortunately, trehalose has poor bioavailability due to its hydrophilic nature and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Recently, trehalose-bearing carriers, in which trehalose is incorporated either by chemical conjugation or physical entrapment, have emerged as an alternative option to free trehalose to improve its efficacy, particularly for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cancers. In the current Perspective, we discuss all existing literature in this emerging field and try to identify key challenges for researchers intending to develop trehalose-bearing carriers to stimulate autophagy or inhibit protein aggregation.
Topics: Humans; Trehalose; Protein Aggregates; Disaccharides; Autophagy; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 38031413
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01442 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutical... 2023The objective of this study was to prepare agglomerated isomalt by using the melt granulation process. This method involved the use of 99.5% of isomalt with the meltable...
The objective of this study was to prepare agglomerated isomalt by using the melt granulation process. This method involved the use of 99.5% of isomalt with the meltable binder glyceryl monostearate in a concentration of 0.5%. Glyceryl monostearate has a melting point of 50°C to 55°C, therefore, glyceryl monostearate was melted at its melting point and isomalt powder was blended with it to break the mass into agglomerates. The agglomerates were cooled to room temperature and were then screened to obtain granules of the desired size. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies confirmed that the chemical structure of isomalt was not changed before and after the melt granulation process. A differential scanning calorimetry study showed that there was no appearance of more new peaks or disappearance of one or more peaks corresponding to those of the isomalt powder and agglomerated isomalt, which showed no changes in the structure of the isomalt powder before and after the agglomeration process. The agglomerated isomalt and galenIQ 721 showed almost identical solubility profiles for g of solute per 100 g of solution at different temperatures. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of agglomerated isomalt showed promising results for the preparation of agglomerates of isomalt with glyceryl monostearate. The flow properties of the agglomerated isomalt compared with the galenIQ 721 and pure isomalt powder and melt granulation process showed promising results for agglomerated isomalt. The melt granulation process showed promising results to prepare agglomerates of the isomalt with the meltable binder glyceryl monostearate.
Topics: Powders; Disaccharides; Excipients; Sugar Alcohols; Solubility
PubMed: 36720065
DOI: No ID Found -
Se Pu = Chinese Journal of... Feb 2023Heparin (Hp) is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the clinics, with an annual global output of over 10 billion dollars. Hp, a member of the... (Review)
Review
Heparin (Hp) is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the clinics, with an annual global output of over 10 billion dollars. Hp, a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), is prepared from porcine intestinal mucosa via extraction, separation, and purification. Hp is a linear polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are depolymerized from Hp via chemical or enzymatic degradation. Compared with Hp, LMWHs exhibit less bleeding side effect, milder immunogenicity, and higher bioavailability when injected subcutaneously. In general, Hps, including LMWHs, are high complex drugs with large molecular weights (MWs), inhomogeneous MW distributions, and structural heterogeneity, including different degrees and locations of sulfonation, and unique residues generated from different production processes. Thus, developing efficient analytical methods to elucidate the structures of Hps and characterize or quantitate their properties is extremely challenging. Unfortunately, this problem limits their quality control, production optimization, clinical safety monitoring, and new applications. Research has constantly sought to elucidate the complicated structures of Hp drugs. Among the structural analysis and quality control methods of Hp currently available, chromatographic methods are the most widely studied and used. However, no literature thoroughly summarizes the specific applications of chromatographic methods in the structural analysis, manufacturing process, and quality control of Hp drugs. This paper systematically organizes and describes recent research progresses of the chromatographic methods used to analyze Hp drugs, including the identification and composition of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The applications, innovations, and limitations of these chromatographic methods are also summarized in this review. The insights obtained in this study will help production and quality control personnel, as well as drug researchers, obtain a deeper understanding of the complex structures of Hp drugs. This paper also provides a comprehensive reference for the structural analysis and quality control of Hps, proposes ideas for the development of new quality control methods, and lays a strong foundation for the in-depth structural elucidation of Hp drugs.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Heparin; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; Anticoagulants; Chromatography; Heparin Lyase; Disaccharides
PubMed: 36725707
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2022.07020 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2022Plant-based phytochemicals are now being used to treat plenty of physiological diseases. Herbal drugs have gained popularity in recent years because of their strength,... (Review)
Review
Plant-based phytochemicals are now being used to treat plenty of physiological diseases. Herbal drugs have gained popularity in recent years because of their strength, purity, and cheap cost-effectiveness. Citrus fruits contain significant amounts of flavanones, which falls to the category of polyphenols. Flavanones occupy a major fraction of the total polyphenols present in the plasma when orange juice is taken highly or in moderate states. Narirutin is a disaccharide derivative available in citrus fruits, primarily dihydroxy flavanone. From a pharmacological viewpoint, narirutin is a bioactive phytochemical with therapeutic efficacy. Many experimental researches were published on the use of narirutin. Anticancer activity, neuroprotection, stress relief, hepatoprotection, anti-allergic activity, antidiabetic activity, anti-adipogenic activity, anti-obesity action, and immunomodulation are a couple of the primary pharmacological properties. Narirutin also has antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide the current scenario of pharmacological research with narirutin; to make a better understanding for therapeutic potential of narirutin, as well as its biosynthesis strategies and side effects. Extensive literature searches and studies were undertaken to determine the pharmacological properties of narirutin.
Topics: Citrus; Disaccharides; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Polyphenols; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35413599
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112932 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Apr 2022Commercial porcine intestinal mucosal heparan sulfate (HS) is a valuable material for research into its biological functions. As it is usually produced as a side-stream...
Commercial porcine intestinal mucosal heparan sulfate (HS) is a valuable material for research into its biological functions. As it is usually produced as a side-stream of pharmaceutical heparin manufacture, its chemical composition may vary from batch to batch. We analysed the composition and structure of nine batches of HS from the same manufacturer. Statistical analysis of the disaccharide compositions placed these batches in three categories: group A had high GlcNAc and GlcNS, and low GlcN typical of HS; group B had high GlcN and GlcNS, and low GlcNAc; group C had high di- and trisulfated, and low unsulfated and monosulfated disaccharide repeats. These batches could be placed in the same categories based on their H NMR spectra and molecular weights. Anticoagulant and growth factor binding activities of these HS batches did not fit within these same groups but were related to the proportions of more highly sulfated disaccharide repeats.
Topics: Animals; Anticoagulants; Disaccharides; Factor Xa; Heparitin Sulfate; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Intestinal Mucosa; Swine
PubMed: 35123736
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119081