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Cells Oct 2021Fibroblasts are the major cell population in the connective tissue of most organs, where they are essential for their structural integrity. They are best known for their... (Review)
Review
Fibroblasts are the major cell population in the connective tissue of most organs, where they are essential for their structural integrity. They are best known for their role in remodelling the extracellular matrix, however more recently they have been recognised as a functionally highly diverse cell population that constantly responds and adapts to their environment. Biological memory is the process of a sustained altered cellular state and functions in response to a transient or persistent environmental stimulus. While it is well established that fibroblasts retain a memory of their anatomical location, how other environmental stimuli influence fibroblast behaviour and function is less clear. The ability of fibroblasts to respond and memorise different environmental stimuli is essential for tissue development and homeostasis and may become dysregulated in chronic disease conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. Here we summarise the four emerging key areas of fibroblast adaptation: positional, mechanical, inflammatory, and metabolic memory and highlight the underlying mechanisms and their implications in tissue homeostasis and disease.
Topics: Disease; Embryonic Development; Fibroblasts; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Models, Biological
PubMed: 34831065
DOI: 10.3390/cells10112840 -
Biochemia Medica Feb 2024YKL-40 or Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a highly conserved glycoprotein that binds heparin and chitin in a non-enzymatic manner. It is a member of the chitinase... (Review)
Review
YKL-40 or Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a highly conserved glycoprotein that binds heparin and chitin in a non-enzymatic manner. It is a member of the chitinase protein family 18, subfamily A, and unlike true chitinases, YKL-40 is a chitinase-like protein without enzymatic activity for chitin. Although its accurate function is yet unknown, the pattern of its expression in the normal and disease states suggests its possible engagement in apoptosis, inflammation and remodeling or degradation of the extracellular matrix. During an inflammatory response, YKL-40 is involved in a complicated interaction between host and bacteria, both promoting and attenuating immune response and potentially being served as an autoantigen in a vicious circle of autoimmunity. Based on its pathophysiology and mechanism of action, the aim of this review was to summarize research on the growing role of YKL-40 as a persuasive biomarker for inflammatory diseases' early diagnosis, prediction and follow-up ( cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrinological, immunological, musculoskeletal, neurological, respiratory, urinary, infectious) with detailed structural and functional background of YKL-40.
Topics: Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; Inflammation; Biomarkers; Disease; Research; Humans; Animals; Early Diagnosis
PubMed: 38125621
DOI: 10.11613/BM.2024.010502 -
Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie Apr 2023Paraneoplastic syndromes in rheumatology are a group of canonical rare rheumatic diseases with musculoskeletal involvement that occur in close temporal and causal... (Review)
Review
Paraneoplastic syndromes in rheumatology are a group of canonical rare rheumatic diseases with musculoskeletal involvement that occur in close temporal and causal association with malignancies. Knowledge of these possibly enables a prognostically relevant early diagnosis of the underlying malignant disease. In the era of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, there are first indications of an increase in the incidence and severity of paraneoplastic syndromes, so that they are becoming of increasing importance for the practicing rheumatologist. These nine syndromes, paraneoplastic arthritis, palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis, remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema, pancreatic panniculitis with polyarthritis, paraneoplastic vasculitis, cancer-associated myositis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (Marie-Bamberger), eosinophilic fasciitis and tumor-induced osteomalacia, usually occur with characteristic courses and sometimes pathognomonic clinical manifestations, which are presented in this article accompanied by the rational use of a diagnostic algorithm for tumor detection. With frequently disappointing therapeutic response to glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants, treatment of the underlying malignant disease represents the crucial step in the treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes.
Topics: Humans; Rheumatic Diseases; Rheumatology; Early Detection of Cancer; Paraneoplastic Syndromes; Synovitis; Neoplasms; Arthritis; Syndrome
PubMed: 36690750
DOI: 10.1007/s00393-022-01314-1 -
Health Psychology Review Dec 2019Research on the Commonsense Self-Regulation Model has emphasised reflective/conscious perceptual processes regarding illness threat (beliefs about symptoms,... (Review)
Review
Research on the Commonsense Self-Regulation Model has emphasised reflective/conscious perceptual processes regarding illness threat (beliefs about symptoms, consequences, timeline, and curability) in predicting and changing coping behaviours. Understanding of illness self-regulation and avenues for intervention might be enriched by consideration of automatic processes that influence the recognition and identification of illness, response to illness, and ongoing management. This article adopts an integrative approach to (1) outline the theoretical importance of implicit processes in patients' self-regulation of illness and methods to study them; (2) review research evidence for these processes, including interventions tested to modify them; and (3) outline avenues for future research. A substantial body of research on implicit processes (cognitive bias and interpretational bias) in illness maintenance in chronic illness has recently been extended to detection and interpretation of acute illness and new perspectives relating to the self-system. There is encouraging evidence that cognitive accessibility of coping and implicit attitudes may impact upon coping behaviours. Procedures that strategically automatise coping responses and create habits have considerable promise. We outline an agenda for future research in which health psychology accepts the challenge posed by the interplay of the reflective and associative systems in promoting effective self-regulation of illness.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Attention; Behavioral Medicine; Chronic Disease; Cognition; Cues; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Disease; Humans; Models, Psychological; Self-Control
PubMed: 30033853
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2018.1503559 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Feb 2020Recognition of invading pathogens and execution of defensive responses are crucial steps in successfully combating infectious diseases. Inflammasomes are a group of... (Review)
Review
Recognition of invading pathogens and execution of defensive responses are crucial steps in successfully combating infectious diseases. Inflammasomes are a group of diverse, signal-transducing complexes with key roles in both processes. While the responses mediated by inflammasomes are vital to host defense, aberrations in inflammasome regulation or activity can lead to the development of autoimmune and sterile inflammatory diseases, including cancer. The field of inflammasome research has rapidly expanded to identify novel regulatory pathways, new inflammasome components, and the mechanistic details of the activation of these complexes. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the regulation of inflammasomes by interferon regulatory factor proteins, newly discovered mechanisms of activation for the NLRP1b and NLRP6 inflammasomes, and recent studies exploring the viability of inflammasome-modulating immunotherapies.
Topics: Animals; Disease; Humans; Inflammasomes
PubMed: 31837596
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.007 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Mar 2020Psychomotor disadaptation syndrome (PDS) was first described by the Geriatrics School of Dijon (France), three decades ago, under the name «psychomotor regression...
Psychomotor disadaptation syndrome (PDS) was first described by the Geriatrics School of Dijon (France), three decades ago, under the name «psychomotor regression syndrome». Over time, the original clinical features remained unchanged. However, progress has been made in its pathophysiology understanding and care, hence the new name, PDS, appeared in the 1990s. The PDS is also called sub-cortico-frontal dysfunction syndrome since the 2000s. It corresponds to a decompensation of posture, gait and psychomotor automatisms, related to an alteration of the postural and motor programming, which is a consequence of sub-cortico-frontal lesions. The clinical features of PDS associate backward disequilibrium, nonspecific gait disorders and neurological signs (akinesia, reactional hypertonia, impaired reactive postural responses and protective reactions, etc.). Psychological disorders of PDS are a fear of standing and walking in its acute form (the post-fall syndrome), or a bradyphrenia and anhedonia in its chronic form. The PDS occurrence results from the combination of three factors implicated in the reduction in functional reserves related to the alteration of the sub-cortico-frontal structures: ageing, chronic afflictions and acute situations, which induce a decrease in cerebral blood flow. The PDS management must be multidisciplinary, including the physician, the physiotherapist, the psychologist, nurses and care assistants.
Topics: Accidental Falls; Adaptation, Physiological; France; Gait; Humans; Postural Balance; Posture; Sensation Disorders; Syndrome
PubMed: 32157844
DOI: No ID Found -
Contributions To Nephrology 2023Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome initiated by a dysregulated host response to infection. Maladaptive inflammatory burst damages host tissues and causes organ... (Review)
Review
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome initiated by a dysregulated host response to infection. Maladaptive inflammatory burst damages host tissues and causes organ dysfunction, the burden of which has been demonstrated as the paramount predictor of worse clinical outcomes. In this setting, septic shock represents the most lethal complication of sepsis and implies profound alterations of both the cardiovascular system and cellular metabolism with consequent high mortality rate. Although an increasing amount of evidence attempts to characterize this clinical condition, the complexity of multiple interconnections between underlying pathophysiological pathways requires further investigations. Accordingly, most therapeutic interventions remain purely supportive and should be integrated in light of the continuous organ cross-talk, in order to match a patient's specific needs. In this context, different organ supports may be combined to replace multiple organ dysfunctions through the application of sequential extracorporeal therapy in sepsis (SETS). In this chapter, we provide an overview of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction, focusing on the pathophysiological pathways that are triggered by endotoxin. Based on the need to apply specific blood purification techniques in specific time windows with different targets, we suggest a sequence of extracorporeal therapies. Accordingly, we reported the hypothesis that sepsis-induced organ dysfunction may benefit the most from SETS. Finally, we point out basic principles of this innovative approach and describe a multifunctional platform that allows SETS, in order to make clinicians aware of this new therapeutic frontier for critically ill patients.
Topics: Humans; Multiple Organ Failure; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Critical Illness; Syndrome
PubMed: 37290408
DOI: 10.1159/000527573 -
Rinsho Shinkeigaku = Clinical Neurology Dec 2020The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) requires the exclusion of other diseases using various methods. However, it is difficult to differentiate these diseases based... (Review)
Review
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) requires the exclusion of other diseases using various methods. However, it is difficult to differentiate these diseases based only on clinical symptoms, and information regarding responses to drugs and several imaging examinations are often needed for a diagnosis. In recent years, various neurological signs and symptoms have been reported that are particularly useful in neurological examinations for differentiating PD, progressive supranuclear palsy, and multiple system atrophy. Currently, diagnosis using imaging techniques and artificial intelligence are being developed, but systematic neurological examinations will continue to be important in diagnosing these diseases.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Imaging; Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Humans; Multiple System Atrophy; Neurologic Examination; Parkinson Disease; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive; Syndrome
PubMed: 33229833
DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001459 -
Pediatrics in Review Jul 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Child; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Syndrome; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
PubMed: 34210761
DOI: 10.1542/pir.2020-004770 -
Laeknabladid Apr 2023For decades, breast implants have been available for breast reconstructions and breast augmentations to improve the patients' health-related quality of life. Silicone... (Review)
Review
For decades, breast implants have been available for breast reconstructions and breast augmentations to improve the patients' health-related quality of life. Silicone implants (SI) have been used since the middle of the last century for breast reconstruction, for example after breast cancer, for birth defects, gender confirmation procedures, or for breast augmentation. Every year, several hundred SI are performed in Iceland for these purposes, but no central register is maintained. It can be estimated that at least 1000 - 3000 women have SI in Iceland and that around 300 Icelandic patients get SI every year. This informal review article discusses the so-called ASIA syndrome, the immunological effects of silicone and the possible relationship of SI to autoimmune diseases, symptoms, and diagnosis. In the methodology, this paper does not rely on the strict conditions of systematic reviews, but the authors relied only on peer-reviewed sources through PubMed, UpToDate and Scopus. The keywords used are silicon, silicon implant, silicon particles, immune response, autoimmunity, autoinflammation, Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by aduvants, ASIA, ASIA syndrome, breast implant illness. The paper reviews known facts about the disease, its characteristics, and statistical aspects.
Topics: Humans; Female; Silicon; Quality of Life; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Breast Implants; Autoimmune Diseases; Silicones; Syndrome
PubMed: 36988131
DOI: 10.17992/lbl.2023.04.739