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New Biotechnology Jan 2022Tisochrysis lutea is an important microalgal species for fucoxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production with an optimum cultivation temperature of approximately...
Tisochrysis lutea is an important microalgal species for fucoxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production with an optimum cultivation temperature of approximately 30 °C. The aim of the present work was to develop a winter strain with high productivity at 15 °C. The response of the original strain to a decrease in temperature from 30 °C to 15 °C was investigated in continuous turbidostat experiments. This was followed by adaptation for >180 days at 15 °C and 2 rounds of sorting for cells with high chlorophyll fluorescence (top 5%) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). For the original strain the productivity of biomass, fucoxanthin, and DHA decreased by 92 %, 98 % and 85 % respectively when decreasing the temperature from 30 °C to 15 °C. In the sorted cold-adapted 'winter strain', biomass, fucoxanthin, and DHA productivities were similar to those at 30 °C. In addition, the fucoxanthin concentration increased from 1.11 to 4.24 mg g dry weight and the polar lipid fraction in total fatty acids increased from 21 % to 55 %. The winter strain showed a robust and stable phenotype after one year of cultivation, expanding the outdoor fucoxanthin and lipid production seasons for this species.
Topics: Cold Temperature; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Haptophyta; Industrial Microbiology; Microalgae; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 34500104
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.08.005 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease caused by different genetic and environmental risk factors leading to loss of cells in the central part of...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease caused by different genetic and environmental risk factors leading to loss of cells in the central part of the retina. Oxidative stress appears to be an important environmental risk factor that contributes to both the initiation and progression of AMD. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an important role in regulating oxidative stress in the retina and is one of the main retinal cell types affected in AMD. A main function of RPE is to phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments (POS) which are rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), making this cell type potentially more susceptible to oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation which can lead to cell death. RPE is known to undergo necrotic cell death in response to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine if DHA in POS can increase oxidative damage to RPE. It was found that RPE undergo increased lipid peroxidation and decreased cell viability when stressed with hydrogen peroxide in combination with DHA or POS. HO-induced oxidative stress was found to cause both ferroptosis and necroptosis. However, the ferroptosis regulator acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) was found to be downregulated in RPE exposed to HO and this effect was exacerbated when the RPE cells were simultaneously treated with DHA. Together, these results show a response of RPE when stressed which will likely be overwhelmed under disease conditions such as AMD resulting in cell death.
Topics: Humans; Retinal Pigment Epithelium; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Ferroptosis; Hydrogen Peroxide; Necroptosis; Oxidative Stress; Macular Degeneration
PubMed: 38036571
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47721-5 -
Internal Medicine Journal Dec 2023The cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3FA) remain a point of confusion in clinical medicine. Recently two large, randomised trials were... (Review)
Review
The cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3FA) remain a point of confusion in clinical medicine. Recently two large, randomised trials were published with discordant findings regarding the overall benefits of omega-3 supplementation, resulting in unnecessary confusion and therapeutic nihilism. Epidemiological studies clearly show high intake of fish and measured O3FA (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) in tissues are inversely associated with cardiovascular events and total mortality. These fatty acids are 'essential' and depend almost entirely on intake with very little production from within the body. The efficacy of supplementation depends on background tissue levels, in contradistinction to drug therapy. Insufficient dosing of omega-3 supplementation using less than 1 g/day and lack of titration to target by failing to measure O3FA levels in the blood may explain these conflicting trial outcomes. We review the current evidence regarding O3FA supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes, describe possible reasons for the discrepant results in the literature including recent controversial data around the mineral oil comparator used in REDUCE-IT and discuss the potential use of the omega-3 index to guide management and optimise supplementation in those at greatest risk.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38105550
DOI: 10.1111/imj.16283 -
Seminars in Immunology Jan 2022Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous small molecules produced mainly from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by both structural cells and... (Review)
Review
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous small molecules produced mainly from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by both structural cells and cells of the active and innate immune systems. Specialized pro-resolving mediators have been shown to both limit acute inflammation and promote resolution and return to homeostasis following infection or injury. There is growing evidence that chronic immune disorders are characterized by deficiencies in resolution and SPMs have significant potential as novel therapeutics to prevent and treat chronic inflammation and immune system disorders. This review focuses on important breakthroughs in understanding how SPMs are produced by, and act on, cells of the adaptive immune system, specifically macrophages, B cells and T cells. We also highlight recent evidence demonstrating the potential of SPMs as novel therapeutic agents in topics including immunization, autoimmune disease and transplantation.
Topics: Humans; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Immunity
PubMed: 35660338
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101605 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jan 2023Studies have suggested that supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to preterm infants might be associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Studies have suggested that supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to preterm infants might be associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Our aim was to investigate the effect of enteral supplementation with arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA on short-term respiratory outcomes and neonatal morbidities in very preterm infants.
METHODS
This is a secondary analysis of data from the ImNuT (Immature, Nutrition Therapy) study, a randomized double blind clinical trial. Infants with gestational age less than 29 weeks were randomized to receive a daily enteral supplement with ARA 100 mg/kg and DHA 50 mg/kg (intervention) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil (control), from second day of life to 36 weeks postmenstrual age. Study outcomes included duration of respiratory support, incidence of BPD and other major morbidities associated with preterm birth.
RESULTS
120 infants with mean (SD) gestational age 26.4 (1.7) weeks were randomized and allocated to either the intervention or control group. Supplementation with ARA and DHA led to a significant reduction in number of days with respiratory support (mean (95% CI) 63.4 (56.6-71.3) vs 80.6 (72.4-88.8); p = 0.03) and a lower oxygen demand (FiO) (mean (95% CI) 0.26 (0.25-0.28) vs 0.29 (0.27-0.30); p = 0.03) compared to control treatment. There were no clinically important differences in incidence of BPD and other major morbidities between the treatment groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation with ARA and DHA to preterm infants was safe and might have a beneficial effect on respiratory outcomes.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
The trial has been registered in www.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov, ID: NCT03555019.
Topics: Female; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Infant; Adult; Infant, Premature; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Premature Birth; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Arachidonic Acid; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36473425
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.11.012 -
Biotechnology Advances 2022Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)... (Review)
Review
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fish Oils; Stramenopiles
PubMed: 34974158
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897 -
The Journal of Maternal-fetal &... Dec 2023: Macrosomia is a common disorder that occurs during pregnancy. We investigated the comprehensive metabolite profiles of pregnant maternal and fetal sera in...
: Macrosomia is a common disorder that occurs during pregnancy. We investigated the comprehensive metabolite profiles of pregnant maternal and fetal sera in normoglycemic macrosomia in a Chinese population. Forty pregnant women and their fetuses were included in the study (twenty macrosomia patients and twenty normal-weight controls). Maternal and umbilical cord serum metabolites were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 203 metabolites were identified. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the predominant metabolites. Fifty-three metabolites with significant differences were obtained in the maternal samples. In the macrosomia group, the levels of docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid were significantly higher than those in the control group. Umbilical cord serum samples were obtained for 24 different metabolites. The maternal-fetal gradient of polyunsaturated fatty acids was decreased in the macrosomia group. Aconitic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, and 12-hydroxystearic acid were the common differential metabolites in the maternal and umbilical cord serum samples. There were obvious metabolic abnormalities in the sera of pregnant women and fetuses with macrosomia. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the predominant differential metabolites but had different classifications in the maternal and umbilical cord serum. These results may provide new insights into the long-term metabolic disorders associated with macrosomia.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Fetal Blood; Metabolomics; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Chromatography, Liquid
PubMed: 37848386
DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2270761 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., sp., and ) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3... (Review)
Review
Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., sp., and ) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are the most biologically active members of the -3 PUFA family. Limited dietary sources and fluctuating content of EPA and DHA in fish raise concerns about the status of EPA and DHA among athletes, as confirmed in a number of studies. The beneficial effects of EPA and DHA include controlling inflammation, supporting nervous system function, maintaining muscle mass after injury and improving training adaptation. Due to their inadequate intake and beneficial health-promoting effects, athletes might wish to consider using supplements that provide EPA and DHA. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of EPA and DHA that are relevant to athletes and discuss the pros and cons of supplements as a source of EPA and DHA for athletes.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Dietary Supplements; Fishes; Athletes
PubMed: 38068783
DOI: 10.3390/nu15234925 -
Amelioration of Cognitive and Olfactory System Deficits in APOE4 Transgenic Mice with DHA Treatment.Molecular Neurobiology Oct 2023Olfactory dysfunction and atrophy of olfactory brain regions are observed early in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Despite substantial evidence showing...
Olfactory dysfunction and atrophy of olfactory brain regions are observed early in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Despite substantial evidence showing neuroprotective effects in MCI/AD with treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, few studies have assessed DHA and its effects on the olfactory system deficits. We therefore performed structural (MRI), functional (olfactory behavior, novel object recognition), and molecular (markers of apoptosis and inflammation) assessments of APOE4 and wild-type mice ± DHA treatment at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Our results demonstrate that APOE4 mice treated with the control diet show recognition memory deficits, abnormal olfactory habituation, and discrimination abilities and an increase in IBA-1 immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb. These phenotypes were not present in APOE4 mice treated with a DHA diet. Alterations in some brain regions' weights and/or volumes were observed in the APOPE4 mice and may be due to caspase activation and/or neuroinflammatory events. These results suggest that the consumption of a diet rich in DHA may provide some benefit to E4 carriers but may not alleviate all symptoms.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Mice, Transgenic; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Apolipoprotein E4; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Alzheimer Disease; Cognition
PubMed: 37329383
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03401-z -
Nutrients Mar 2021The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are... (Review)
Review
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA are deposited into the lipids of cell membranes that form the gray matter representing approximately 25% of the total content of brain fatty acids. Both fatty acids have effects on neuronal growth and differentiation through the modulation of the physical properties of neuronal membranes, signal transduction associated with G proteins, and gene expression. DHA and AA have a relevant role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are associated with characteristic pathological expressions as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The present review analyzes the neuroprotective role of DHA and AA in the extreme stages of life, emphasizing the importance of these LCPUFA during the first year of life and in the developing/prevention of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
Topics: Aging; Arachidonic Acid; Brain; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurogenesis; Neuroprotective Agents; Nutrients; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33803760
DOI: 10.3390/nu13030986