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The Laryngoscope Mar 2021Bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement (BMT) is the most common pediatric surgery in the United States. Intraoperative middle ear effusion (MEE) is a risk... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
Bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement (BMT) is the most common pediatric surgery in the United States. Intraoperative middle ear effusion (MEE) is a risk factor for future BMTs in children with recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM). However, the impact of the type of MEE is unknown. Here, we assess otologic outcomes based on intraoperative MEE type and indication for surgery.
STUDY DESIGN
Case series chart review.
METHODS
After institutional review board approval, we performed a review of children undergoing BMTs between 2008 and 2009. Included patients had their first BMT, preoperative visit, and an operative report. Patients with cleft palate or Down syndrome were excluded. Indications for surgery included RAOM and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME). Other variables evaluated were future BMT, acquired cholesteatoma, and otorrhea. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
Out of 1,045 patients reviewed, 680 were included and underwent their first BMT. There were 619 patients who had RAOM. Serous effusions were present in 22.2%, mucoid in 31.3%, purulent in 12.9%, undocumented or bloody in 2.3% of patients, and 31.2% of patients had dry middle ears. Moreover, 22.7% of patients underwent future BMTs. In RAOM patients, serous effusions decreased odds of perforation (odds ratio [OR]: 0.195, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0438-0.867, P = .032), and purulent effusions increased the odds of in-office otorrhea suctioning (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.20-3.77, P = .010) compared to dry. Mucoid effusions had no significant effect on outcomes in COME or RAOM patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Intraoperative MEEs were noted in 68.7% of cases; purulent effusions increase the odds of in-office suctioning in RAOM patients.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
4 Laryngoscope, 131:E993-E997, 2021.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Ear Ventilation; Otitis Media; Otitis Media with Effusion; Otitis Media, Suppurative; Postoperative Complications; Recurrence; Reoperation; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32621539
DOI: 10.1002/lary.28860 -
Alzheimer's & Dementia (Amsterdam,... 2023Apathy is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Research that helps define the apathy phenotype is...
UNLABELLED
Apathy is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Research that helps define the apathy phenotype is urgently needed, particularly for clinical and biomarker studies. We used latent class analysis (LCA) with two independent cohorts to understand how apathy and depression symptoms co-occur statistically. We further explored the relationship between latent class membership, demographics, and the presence of other NPS. The LCA identified a four-class solution (no symptoms, apathy, depression, and combined apathy/depression), reproducible over both cohorts, providing robust support for an apathy syndrome distinct from depression and confirming that an apathy/depression syndrome exists, supported by the model fit test with the four-class solution scores evidencing better fitting (Bayesian information criterion adjusted and entropy ). Using a data-driven method, we show distinct and statistically meaningful co-occurrence of apathy and depressive symptoms. There was evidence that these classes have different clinical associations, which may help inform diagnostic categories for research studies and clinical practice.
HIGHLIGHTS
We found four classes: no symptoms, apathy, depression and apathy/depression.Apathy conferred a higher probability for agitation.Apathy diagnostic criteria should include accompanying neuropsychiatric symptoms.
PubMed: 36777092
DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12398 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Defects in the insulin receptor () gene cause various severe insulin resistance conditions, including Donohue syndrome (DS), Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) and type A...
OBJECTIVE
Defects in the insulin receptor () gene cause various severe insulin resistance conditions, including Donohue syndrome (DS), Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) and type A insulin resistance (type A-IR). This study aimed to investigate the clinical characterization and molecular defects in three Chinese children with -related insulin resistance syndrome.
METHODS
We reviewed the clinical data of three Chinese children with -related insulin resistance syndrome from two unrelated kindreds. Genetic analysis was performed using whole-exome sequencing and the effects of the novel variants were further assessed by functional assays.
RESULTS
The proband with type A-IR presented with acanthosis nigricans, hypertrichosis, and euglycemia with mild insulin resistance in early childhood. His sister presented with features typical of type A-IR and was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus with severe insulin resistance at the age of 9.8 years. The proband with DS showed typical dysmorphic characteristics, severe intrauterine growth retardation, extreme insulin resistance, fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia from birth. The heterozygote variants c.[3670G>A]; c.[3614C>T] were identified in both siblings with type A-IR; and c.[749_751del]; c.[3355C>T] in the patient with DS. studies showed that the novel variant c.749_751del [p.(Thr250del)] in the α-subunit, reduced expression of the mature INSR protein and severely impaired INSR function. In contrast, the novel variant c.3670G>A [p.(Val1224Met)] in the β-subunit had no effect on total protein expression and phosphorylation of INSR and Akt, suggesting that the variant p.Val1224Met appeared to be tolerated and was not responsible for the severe insulin resistance.
CONCLUSION
Our study detailed the clinical features of three patients with type A-IR and DS, and identified two novel variants in the gene. Functional assays indicated the novel variant p.Thr250del was pathogenic. In contrast, the novel variant p.Val1224Met was suggested to be tolerated by our experimental data, even though bioinformatics analyses predicted the variant as deleterious.
Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Animals; Antigens, CD; CHO Cells; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Cricetulus; DNA Mutational Analysis; Diabetes Complications; Donohue Syndrome; Family; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Mutation, Missense; Patient Acuity; Pedigree; Receptor, Insulin; Syndrome
PubMed: 33995269
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.606964 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2023From 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) household transmission studies (enrolling April 2020 to January 2022) with rapid enrollment and...
From 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) household transmission studies (enrolling April 2020 to January 2022) with rapid enrollment and specimen collection for 14 days, 61% (43/70) of primary cases had culturable virus detected ≥6 days post-onset. Risk of secondary infection among household contacts tended to be greater when primary cases had culturable virus detected after onset. Regardless of duration of culturable virus, most secondary infections (70%, 28/40) had serial intervals <6 days, suggesting early transmission. These data examine viral culture as a proxy for infectiousness, reaffirm the need for rapid control measures after infection, and highlight the potential for prolonged infectiousness (≥6 days) in many individuals.
Topics: Humans; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Tennessee; Family Characteristics; California
PubMed: 36705269
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad018 -
International Journal of Radiation... 2021The purpose if this study was to develop a rabbit model of total body irradiation (TBI) -induced thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy across the dose-range which induces...
A New Zealand White rabbit model of thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy following total body irradiation across the dose range to induce the hematopoietic-subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome.
PURPOSE
The purpose if this study was to develop a rabbit model of total body irradiation (TBI) -induced thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy across the dose-range which induces the hematopoietic subsyndrome of the acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS).
METHODS
Twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were assigned to arms to receive 6-MV of TBI at a dose of 6.5, 7.5, 8.5 or 9.5 Gy. Animals were treated with moderate levels of supportive care including buprenorphine for pain management, antibiotics, antipyretics for rectal body temperature >104.8 °F, and fluids for signs of dehydration. Animals were closelyfollowed for up to 45 days after TBI for signs of major morbidity/mortality. Hematology and serum chemistry parameters were routinely monitored. Hemostasis parameters were analyzed prior to TBI, 2 and 6 hours post-TBI, and at the time of euthanasia.
RESULTS
Animals developed the characteristic signs and symptoms of H-ARS during the first-week post TBI. Animals became thrombocytopenic with signs of severe acute anemia during the second week post TBI. Moribund animals presented with petechia and ecchymosis of the skin and generalized internal hemorrhage. Multiorgan dysfunction characterized by bone marrow failure, gastric ileus, acute renal toxicity, and liver abnormalities were common. Severe abnormalities in coagulation parameters were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
The presentation of bone marrow failure and multiorogan injury associated with ARS in the New Zealand White rabbit model is consistent with that described in the canine, swine, non-human primate, and in humans. The hemorrhagic syndrome associated with the ARS in rabbits is characterized by thrombocytopenia and hemostasis dysfunction, which appear to underlie the development of multiorgan dysfunction following TBI to rabbits. Taken together, the rabbit recapitulates the pathogenesis of ARS in humans, and may present an alternative small animal model for medical countermeasure pilot efficacy screening, dose-finding and schedule optimization studies prior to moving into large animal models of TBI-induced ARS.
Topics: Acute Radiation Syndrome; Anemia; Animals; Bone Marrow Failure Disorders; Dogs; Male; Rabbits; Swine; Thrombocytopenia; Whole-Body Irradiation
PubMed: 31526203
DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1668981 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Feb 2022Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the insulin receptor gene (INSR) leading to insulin-resistant diabetes, microvascular...
CONTEXT
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the insulin receptor gene (INSR) leading to insulin-resistant diabetes, microvascular complications, and growth hormone resistance with short stature. Small, uncontrolled studies suggest that 1-year treatment with recombinant leptin (metreleptin) improves glycemia in RMS.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to determine effects of long-term metreleptin in RMS on glycemia, anthropometrics, the growth hormone axis, and kidney function.
METHODS
We compared RMS patients during nonrandomized open-label treatment with metreleptin (≥ 0.15 mg/kg/day) vs no metreleptin over 90 months (5 subjects in both groups at different times, 4 only in metreleptin group, 2 only in control group). Main outcome measures were A1c; glucose; insulin; 24-hour urine glucose; standard deviation scores (SDS) for height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); growth hormone; and estimated glomerular filtration rate.
RESULTS
Over time, metreleptin-treated subjects maintained 1.8 percentage point lower A1c vs controls (P = 0.007), which remained significant after accounting for changes in insulin doses. Metreleptin-treated subjects had a reduction in BMI SDS, which predicted decreased A1c. Growth hormone increased after metreleptin treatment vs control, with no difference in SDS between groups for IGF-1 or height. Reduced BMI predicted higher growth hormone, while reduced A1c predicted higher IGF-1.
CONCLUSION
Metreleptin alters the natural history of rising A1c in RMS, leading to lower A1c throughout long-term follow-up. Improved glycemia with metreleptin is likely attributable to appetite suppression and lower BMI SDS. Lower BMI after metreleptin may also worsen growth hormone resistance in RMS, resulting in a null effect on IGF-1 and growth despite improved glycemia.
Topics: Antigens, CD; Blood Glucose; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Donohue Syndrome; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glycated Hemoglobin; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Insulin; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Kidney; Leptin; Receptor, Insulin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34718628
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab782 -
Neurosurgical Focus Oct 2020Life expectancy has increased over the past century, causing a shift in the demographic distribution toward older age groups. Elderly patients comprise up to 14% of all...
OBJECTIVE
Life expectancy has increased over the past century, causing a shift in the demographic distribution toward older age groups. Elderly patients comprise up to 14% of all patients with pituitary tumors, with most lesions being nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). Here, the authors evaluated demographics, outcomes, and postoperative complications between nonelderly adult and elderly NFPA patients.
METHODS
A retrospective review of 908 patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for NFPA at a single institution from 2007 to 2019 was conducted. Clinical and surgical outcomes and postoperative complications were compared between nonelderly adult (age ≥ 18 and ≤ 65 years) and elderly patients (age > 65 years).
RESULTS
There were 614 and 294 patients in the nonelderly and elderly groups, respectively. Both groups were similar in sex (57.3% vs 60.5% males; p = 0.4), tumor size (2.56 vs 2.46 cm; p = 0.2), and cavernous sinus invasion (35.8% vs 33.7%; p = 0.6). Regarding postoperative outcomes, length of stay (1 vs 2 days; p = 0.5), extent of resection (59.8% vs 64.8% gross-total resection; p = 0.2), CSF leak requiring surgical revision (4.3% vs 1.4%; p = 0.06), 30-day readmission (8.1% vs 7.3%; p = 0.7), infection (3.1% vs 2.0%; p = 0.5), and new hypopituitarism (13.9% vs 12.0%; p = 0.3) were similar between both groups. Elderly patients were less likely to receive adjuvant radiation (8.7% vs 16.3%; p = 0.009), undergo future reoperation (3.8% vs 9.5%; p = 0.003), and experience postoperative diabetes insipidus (DI) (3.7% vs 9.4%; p = 0.002), and more likely to have postoperative hyponatremia (26.7% vs 16.4%; p < 0.001) and new cranial nerve deficit (1.9% vs 0.0%; p = 0.01). Subanalysis of elderly patients showed that patients with higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores had comparable outcomes other than higher DI rates (8.1% vs 0.0%; p = 0.006). Elderly patients' postoperative sodium peaked and troughed on postoperative day 3 (POD3) (mean 138.7 mEq/L) and POD9 (mean 130.8 mEq/L), respectively, compared with nonelderly patients (peak POD2: mean 139.9 mEq/L; trough POD8: mean 131.3 mEq/L).
CONCLUSIONS
The authors' analysis revealed that TSS for NFPA in elderly patients is safe with low complication rates. In this cohort, more elderly patients experienced postoperative hyponatremia, while more nonelderly patients experienced postoperative DI. These findings, combined with the observation of higher DI in patients with more comorbidities and elderly patients experiencing later peaks and troughs in serum sodium, suggest age-related differences in sodium regulation after NFPA resection. The authors hope that their results will help guide discussions with elderly patients regarding risks and outcomes of TSS.
Topics: Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Male; Pituitary Neoplasms; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33002877
DOI: 10.3171/2020.7.FOCUS20524 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Aug 2020To characterise the clinical features of children and young people admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To characterise the clinical features of children and young people admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the UK and explore factors associated with admission to critical care, mortality, and development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporarily related to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) (MIS-C).
DESIGN
Prospective observational cohort study with rapid data gathering and near real time analysis.
SETTING
260 hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland between 17 January and 3 July 2020, with a minimum follow-up time of two weeks (to 17 July 2020).
PARTICIPANTS
651 children and young people aged less than 19 years admitted to 138 hospitals and enrolled into the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emergency Infections Consortium (ISARIC) WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK study with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Admission to critical care (high dependency or intensive care), in-hospital mortality, or meeting the WHO preliminary case definition for MIS-C.
RESULTS
Median age was 4.6 (interquartile range 0.3-13.7) years, 35% (225/651) were under 12 months old, and 56% (367/650) were male. 57% (330/576) were white, 12% (67/576) South Asian, and 10% (56/576) black. 42% (276/651) had at least one recorded comorbidity. A systemic mucocutaneous-enteric cluster of symptoms was identified, which encompassed the symptoms for the WHO MIS-C criteria. 18% (116/632) of children were admitted to critical care. On multivariable analysis, this was associated with age under 1 month (odds ratio 3.21, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 7.66; P=0.008), age 10-14 years (3.23, 1.55 to 6.99; P=0.002), and black ethnicity (2.82, 1.41 to 5.57; P=0.003). Six (1%) of 627 patients died in hospital, all of whom had profound comorbidity. 11% (52/456) met the WHO MIS-C criteria, with the first patient developing symptoms in mid-March. Children meeting MIS-C criteria were older (median age 10.7 (8.3-14.1) 1.6 (0.2-12.9) years; P<0.001) and more likely to be of non-white ethnicity (64% (29/45) 42% (148/355); P=0.004). Children with MIS-C were five times more likely to be admitted to critical care (73% (38/52) 15% (62/404); P<0.001). In addition to the WHO criteria, children with MIS-C were more likely to present with fatigue (51% (24/47) 28% (86/302); P=0.004), headache (34% (16/47) 10% (26/263); P<0.001), myalgia (34% (15/44) 8% (21/270); P<0.001), sore throat (30% (14/47) (12% (34/284); P=0.003), and lymphadenopathy (20% (9/46) 3% (10/318); P<0.001) and to have a platelet count of less than 150 × 10/L (32% (16/50) 11% (38/348); P<0.001) than children who did not have MIS-C. No deaths occurred in the MIS-C group.
CONCLUSIONS
Children and young people have less severe acute covid-19 than adults. A systemic mucocutaneous-enteric symptom cluster was also identified in acute cases that shares features with MIS-C. This study provides additional evidence for refining the WHO MIS-C preliminary case definition. Children meeting the MIS-C criteria have different demographic and clinical features depending on whether they have acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (polymerase chain reaction positive) or are post-acute (antibody positive).
STUDY REGISTRATION
ISRCTN66726260.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Coronavirus Infections; Critical Care; Female; Hospital Mortality; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Respiration, Artificial; SARS-CoV-2; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; United Kingdom; Young Adult
PubMed: 32960186
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3249 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jul 2023The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a well-characterized role regulating blood pressure in mammals. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the...
UNLABELLED
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a well-characterized role regulating blood pressure in mammals. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the RAAS has been shown to extend lifespan in , , and rodents, but its mechanism is not well defined. Here we investigate the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug captopril, which extends lifespan in worms and mice. To investigate the mechanism, we performed a forward genetic screen for captopril hypersensitive mutants. We identified a missense mutation that causes a partial loss-of-function of the receptor tyrosine kinase gene, a powerful regulator of aging. The homologous mutation in the human insulin receptor causes Donohue syndrome, establishing these mutant worms as an invertebrate model of this disease. Captopril functions in by inhibiting ACN-1, the worm homolog of ACE. Reducing the activity of via captopril or RNAi promoted dauer larvae formation, suggesting is a gene. Captopril-mediated lifespan extension xwas abrogated by and mutations. Our results indicate that captopril and control aging by modulating dauer formation pathways. We speculate that this represents a conserved mechanism of lifespan control.
SUMMARY STATEMENT
Captopril and control aging. By demonstrating they regulate dauer formation and interact with genes, including a new DAF-2(A261V) mutant corresponding to a human disease variant, we clarified the mechanism.
PubMed: 37502959
DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549402 -
Molecular Syndromology Jun 2020Donohue syndrome (DS) and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) are rare diseases caused by biallelic variants within the insulin receptor gene (). Here, we report 2 cases:...
Donohue syndrome (DS) and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) are rare diseases caused by biallelic variants within the insulin receptor gene (). Here, we report 2 cases: one with DS and the other with RMS. The case with DS presented with intrauterine growth retardation, nipple hypertrophy, clitoromegaly, distended abdomen, hypertrichosis, and dysmorphic features. The second case showed severe acanthosis nigricans, hyperkeratosis, and hypertrichosis. In both cases, abnormal glucose homeostasis due to severe insulin resistance was observed. The diagnosis of DS and RMS was established based on clinical characteristics, abnormal glucose homeostasis, high serum insulin levels, and determination of pathogenic variants in the gene. The first case with DS has 2 novel homozygous variants, NM_000208.3, c.3122delA (p.N1041Mfs*16) and c.3419C>G (p.A1140G), and the second case with RMS has a previously reported homozygous variant NM_000208.3, c.3529+5G>A (IVS19+5G>A) in the gene.
PubMed: 32655340
DOI: 10.1159/000506722