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Neuropharmacology Nov 2019This review aims to demonstrate how social science and behavioral neurosciences have highlighted the influence of social interactions on drug use in animal models. In... (Review)
Review
This review aims to demonstrate how social science and behavioral neurosciences have highlighted the influence of social interactions on drug use in animal models. In neurosciences, the effect of global social context that are distal from drug use has been widely studied. For human and other social animals such as monkeys and rodents, positive social interactions are rewarding, can overcome drug reward and, in all, protect from drug use. In contrast, as other types of stress, negative social experiences facilitate the development and maintenance of drug abuse. However, interest recently emerged in the effect of so-called "proximal" social factors, that is, social interactions during drug-taking. These recent studies have characterized the role of the drug considered, the sharing of drug experience and the familiarity of the peer which interaction are made with. We also examine the few studies regarding the sensorial mediator of social behaviors and critically review the neural mediation of social factors on drug use. However, despite considerable characterization of the factors modulating distal influences, the mechanisms for proximal influences on drug use remain largely unknown. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The neuropharmacology of social behavior: from bench to bedside'.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Cocaine; Conditioning, Operant; Disease Models, Animal; Drug-Seeking Behavior; Humans; Self Administration; Social Behavior; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 30807753
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.027 -
The Physician and Sportsmedicine Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Social Media; Performance-Enhancing Substances; Substance-Related Disorders; Sports
PubMed: 35574698
DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2078679 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Jan 2022
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 34974752
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21101069 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Dec 2021Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs is a major public health and social problem worldwide. Mostly abused drugs mainly include opioids such as morphine, tramadol, methadone and...
Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs is a major public health and social problem worldwide. Mostly abused drugs mainly include opioids such as morphine, tramadol, methadone and fentanyl, sedative-hypnotics such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines, and central stimulants such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), Adderall (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine) and modafinil. Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs not only causes direct damage to multiple systems of the body, but also significantly increases risks of mental and physical diseases, imposing a heavy burden on individuals, families and society. Therefore, the prevention and control of pharmaceutical drug abuse are of vital importance. The Chinese government has taken strict administration measures for pharmaceutical drugs with abuse risk. However, confronting endless new drugs and changing abuse trends, it is necessary to further strengthen management and prevention of pharmaceutical drugs, monitor the trend of abuse, establish rapid response mechanisms, popularize relevant knowledge, and develop specific therapeutic drugs and intervention means, in order to promote prevention and treatment of pharmaceutical drug abuse.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35243843
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.310403 -
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology :... Sep 2020Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to perform important biological functions and have been implicated in multiple disease pathogeneses, including HIV and drugs of...
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to perform important biological functions and have been implicated in multiple disease pathogeneses, including HIV and drugs of abuse. EVs can carry biological molecules via biofluids such as plasma and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from healthy or disease organs to distant organs and deliver biomolecules to recipient cells that subsequently alter the physiology of the recipient organs. As biocarriers, EVs have the potential to be developed as non-invasive biomarkers for disease pathogenesis and drug abuse, as the level of specific EV components can be altered under disease/drug abuse conditions. Since many drugs don't cross the blood-brain barrier, EVs have shown the potential to encapsulate small drug molecules, including nucleotides, and carry these drugs to brain cells and enhance brain drug bioavailability. Through this special issue, we have covered several studies related to the role of EVs in altering biological functions via cell-cell interactions in healthy, HIV, and drug of abuse conditions. We have also included studies on the role of EVs as potential biomarkers for HIV pathogenesis and drugs of abuse. Further, the potential role of EVs in drug delivery in the CNS for diseases, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and other neurological disorders, are covered in this issue.
Topics: AIDS Dementia Complex; Biomarkers; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cell Communication; Drug Delivery Systems; Extracellular Vesicles; HIV Infections; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 32696265
DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09946-3 -
Neuroscience Letters May 2021Various research studies that have investigated the association between HIV infection and addiction underpin the role of various drugs of abuse in impairing... (Review)
Review
Various research studies that have investigated the association between HIV infection and addiction underpin the role of various drugs of abuse in impairing immunological and non-immunological pathways of the host system, ultimately leading to augmentation of HIV infection and disease progression. These studies have included both in vitro and in vivo animal models wherein investigators have assessed the effects of various drugs on several disease parameters to decipher the impact of drugs on both HIV infection and progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, given the inherent limitations in the existing animal models of HAND, these investigations only recapitulated specific aspects of the disease but not the complex human syndrome. Despite the inability of HIV to infect rodents over the last 30 years, multiple strategies have been employed to develop several rodent models of HAND. While none of these models can accurately mimic the overall pathophysiology of HAND, they serve the purpose of modeling some unique aspects of HAND. This review provides an overview of various animal models used in the field and a careful evaluation of methodological strengths and limitations inherent in both the model systems and study designs to understand better how the various animal models complement one another.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Comorbidity; Disease Models, Animal; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Mice; Neurocognitive Disorders; Rats; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33794296
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135863 -
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2020Substance use disorders represent a global public health issue. This mental health disorder is hypothesized to result from neurobiological changes as a result of chronic... (Review)
Review
Substance use disorders represent a global public health issue. This mental health disorder is hypothesized to result from neurobiological changes as a result of chronic drug exposure and clinically manifests as inappropriate behavioral allocation toward the procurement and use of the abused substance and away from other behaviors maintained by more adaptive nondrug reinforcers (e.g., social relationships, work). The dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is one receptor system that has been altered following chronic exposure to drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine, opioids, alcohol) in both laboratory animals and humans, implicating the dynorphin/KOR system in the expression, mechanisms, and treatment of substance use disorders. KOR antagonists have reduced drug self-administration in laboratory animals under certain experimental conditions, but not others. Recently, several human laboratory and clinical trials have evaluated the effectiveness of KOR antagonists as candidate pharmacotherapies for cocaine or tobacco use disorder to test hypotheses generated from preclinical studies. KOR antagonists failed to significantly alter drug use metrics in humans suggesting translational discordance between some preclinical drug self-administration studies and consistent with other preclinical drug self-administration studies that provide concurrent access to an alternative nondrug reinforcer (e.g., food). The implications of this translational discordance and future directions for examining the therapeutic potential of KOR agonists or antagonists as candidate substance use disorder pharmacotherapies are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Dynorphins; Humans; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 31463605
DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_268 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Dec 2019Substances of abuse are characterized by their rewarding effects and engagement of reward pathways in the brain. However, these substances also provide rapid relief of... (Review)
Review
Substances of abuse are characterized by their rewarding effects and engagement of reward pathways in the brain. However, these substances also provide rapid relief of negative affect, and thus are highly negatively reinforcing. Accordingly, negative affectivity and other affective vulnerabilities (factors related to the experience of affect) are strongly linked to problematic substance use and substance use disorders. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the literature on affective vulnerabilities in substance use disorders. We discuss how both the experience of affect (e.g. negative affectivity, stress reactivity) and the interpretation of affect (e.g. distress intolerance, anxiety sensitivity) are pertinent to the development, maintenance, and treatment of substance use disorders.
Topics: Affect; Anxiety; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 30851660
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.011 -
Emergencias : Revista de La Sociedad... Apr 2023Persons with HIV infection who use illicit drugs have higher morbidity and mortality rates than nonusers with or without HIV infection. The objetive were to detect...
OBJECTIVES
Persons with HIV infection who use illicit drugs have higher morbidity and mortality rates than nonusers with or without HIV infection. The objetive were to detect differences between acute poisoning from illicit drugs in patients with and without HIV infection who are attended in hospital emergency departments, and to identify independent factors associated with a worse prognosis, defined by hospital admission or death.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Observational study in 2 hospitals between January 2017 and 31 December 2021. Included were patients with acute illicit drug poisoning with and without HIV infection.
RESULTS
Information for 1132 patients was included. The mean (SD) ages of patients with and without HIV infection, respectively, were 38.9 (9.6) years and 32.6 (10.4) years. In patients with HIV, the main drugs used were opioids (279 [85.3%]), cocaine (226 [69.1%]), and amphetamines (153 [46.8%]. None in this group were on methadone substitution therapy for opioid addiction. In patients without HIV infection the main drugs were cocaine (372 [47.2%]) and cannabis (238 [33.8%]). Alcohol was used along with illicit drugs in 387 cases. Multivariate analysis showed that the only variables independently associated with a poor prognosis were HIV infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.19 [1.29-3.11], P .003), age (OR, 1.20 [1.01-1.05], P .003), and acute poisoning from benzodiazepines (OR, 3.48 [2.14-5.66], P .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was 0.717.
CONCLUSION
Certain characteristics distinguish the illicit drug use of patients with HIV infection. HIV infection, age, and the use of benzodiazepines are independently associated with a poor prognosis in acute poisonings.
Topics: Humans; Adult; HIV Infections; Substance-Related Disorders; Illicit Drugs; Cocaine; Benzodiazepines
PubMed: 37038940
DOI: 10.55633/s3me/E077.2023 -
Neurotoxicology Sep 2021The aim of this review is to highlight our knowledge of the various drugs of abuse that can prove potential teratogens affecting the brain and cognitive development in... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to highlight our knowledge of the various drugs of abuse that can prove potential teratogens affecting the brain and cognitive development in an individual exposed to maternal consumption of such agents. Among several drugs of abuse in women, we specifically highlighted the commonly used alcohol, nicotine, opioids, cannabis, cocaine and marijuana. These drugs can affect the fetal development and slow the cognitive maturation apart from physical disabilities. However, no known therapy exists to counter the toxic potential of these drugs. Several researchers used animal models of drug abuse to understand the underlying mechanisms affecting brain development and the relevant neurotransmitter system. Identifying such targets can potentially help in drug discovery research. We reported in depth analysis of such mechanisms and discussed the potential targets for drug development research.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cognition; Female; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Substance-Related Disorders; Teratogens
PubMed: 34391795
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.007