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Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) Jun 2021
Topics: Child; Child Abuse; Child Custody; Child Welfare; Family; Humans; Parents; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33167816
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000388 -
Der Nervenarzt Jan 2020Despite their knowledge about the risks and treatment options for substance abuse disorders, physicians are not immune to them. Meanwhile, a number of studies have...
Despite their knowledge about the risks and treatment options for substance abuse disorders, physicians are not immune to them. Meanwhile, a number of studies have shown that physicians have an increased risk of depression, addictive diseases and burnout due to the occupation-linked mental and physical burden and in particular an increased prevalence of substance-related disorders, especially alcohol abuse or dependence and drug abuse. Drug dependence among physicians seems to be even higher than in the general population due to the relatively easy access to psychoactive medications, in particular hypnotic drugs, benzodiazepines, ketamine and opioids; however, the prognosis is good. According to data from the medical associations, three quarters of those affected for the first time and every sixth relapsed physician can be helped with preservation of the license and working as physicians.
Topics: Alcoholism; Behavior, Addictive; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Physicians; Prevalence; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 31919549
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-019-00854-3 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jun 2020Drug abuse and brain disorders related to drug comsumption are public health problems with harmful individual and social consequences. The identification of therapeutic... (Review)
Review
Drug abuse and brain disorders related to drug comsumption are public health problems with harmful individual and social consequences. The identification of therapeutic targets and precise pharmacological treatments to these neuropsychiatric conditions associated with drug abuse are urgently needed. Understanding the link between neurobiological mechanisms and behavior is a key aspect of elucidating drug abuse-related targets. Due to various molecular, biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological features, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a suitable vertebrate for modeling complex processes involved in drug abuse responses. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish has been successfully used for modeling neurobehavioral phenotypes related to drug abuse and review the effects of opioids, cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine, and psychedelic drugs on the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, we summarize recent advances in zebrafish-based studies and outline potential advantages and limitations of the existing zebrafish models to explore the neurochemical bases of drug abuse and addiction. Finally, we discuss how the use of zebrafish models may present fruitful approaches to provide valuable clinically translatable data.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Brain; Cannabinoids; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Humans; Nicotine; Substance-Related Disorders; Zebrafish
PubMed: 31981718
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109873 -
International Journal of Adolescent... Sep 2019
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Child; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 31483757
DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0175 -
Current Neuropharmacology 2021Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood and a critical period in brain development. Adolescence in humans is also associated with...
Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood and a critical period in brain development. Adolescence in humans is also associated with increased expression of risk-taking behaviors. Epidemiological and clinical studies, for example, show a surge of drug abuse and raise the hypothesis that the adolescent brain undergoes critical changes resulting in diminished control. Determining how substance abuse during this critical period might cause longterm neurobiological changes in cognition and behavior is therefore critically important. The present work aims to provide an evaluation of the transgenerational and multi-generational phenotypes derived from parent animals exposed to drugs of abuse only during their adolescence. Specifically, we will consider changes found following the administration of cannabinoids, nicotine, alcohol and opiates. In addition, epigenetic modifications of the genome following drug exposure will be discussed as emerging evidence of the underlying adverse transgenerational effects. Notwithstanding, much of the new data discussed here is from animal models, indicating that future clinical studies are much needed to better understand the neurobiological consequences and mechanisms of drug actions on the human brains' development and maturation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Cannabinoids; Child; Epigenesis, Genetic; Ethanol; Humans; Nicotine; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33655865
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X19666210303121519 -
La Clinica Terapeutica 2022Drug use in Europe is now more than ever a multifaceted issue involving a broad and ever-changing range of substances. Alarmingly, recent European Monitoring Centre for...
Drug use in Europe is now more than ever a multifaceted issue involving a broad and ever-changing range of substances. Alarmingly, recent European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) reports show that roughly 83 million adults aged between 15 and 64 years in the European Union have used illicit substances at least once in their lifetime. Polydrug use is rife, and consumption patterns range from experimental/occasional, habitual use all the way to addiction. Traditional epidemiological methods delineating drug abuse specifics (i.e. number of users, age groups, specific characteristics and patterns of use) are questionnaire-based and therefore present the classic biases linked to the selected sample, thus risking an underesti-mation of the phenomenon. The Mario Negri IRCCS Pharmacological Research Institute has developed a new population screening method based on wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) which makes it possible to detect drug metabolites in waste water and to estimate which and how many substances are consumed by the entire population belonging to the wastewater treatment plant being monitored. Such a technique has gained great interest at the national and international level, and may be especially valuable as a detection/monitoring tool at a time when novel psychoactive substances have come to trigger a major public health crisis, on account of their elusiveness and potential as substitutes/adulterants of traditional substances of abuse.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Wastewater; Illicit Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders; Europe
PubMed: 36373449
DOI: 10.7417/CT.2022.2476 -
The Journal of Headache and Pain Apr 2021Chronic headache is particularly prevalent in migraineurs and it can progress to a condition known as medication overuse headache (MOH). MOH is a secondary headache... (Review)
Review
Chronic headache is particularly prevalent in migraineurs and it can progress to a condition known as medication overuse headache (MOH). MOH is a secondary headache caused by overuse of analgesics or other medications such as triptans to abort acute migraine attacks. The worsening of headache symptoms associated with medication overuse (MO) generally ameliorates following interruption of regular medication use, although the primary headache symptoms remain unaffected. MO patients may also develop certain behaviors such as ritualized drug administration, psychological drug attachment, and withdrawal symptoms that have been suggested to correlate with drug addiction. Although several reviews have been performed on this topic, to the authors best knowledge none of them have examined this topic from the addiction point of view. Therefore, we aimed to identify features in MO and drug addiction that may correlate. We initiate the review by introducing the classes of analgesics and medications that can cause MOH and those with high risk to produce MO. We further compare differences between sensitization resulting from MO and from drug addiction, the neuronal pathways that may be involved, and the genetic susceptibility that may overlap between the two conditions. Finally, ICHD recommendations to treat MOH will be provided herein.
Topics: Analgesics; Headache Disorders, Secondary; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Prescription Drug Overuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Tryptamines
PubMed: 33910499
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01224-8 -
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment Aug 2022The current study explored the prevalence of hazardous alcohol and drug consumption within bartenders and the impact of working more than 40 h a week on levels of...
INTRODUCTION
The current study explored the prevalence of hazardous alcohol and drug consumption within bartenders and the impact of working more than 40 h a week on levels of alcohol and drug use.
METHODS
Three hundred and ninety bartenders (247 females), recruited via social media, took part in a cross-sectional online survey. The study recorded units of alcohol and hours worked per week among participants. The team measured hazardous drinking using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and drug use by the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST).
RESULTS
According to AUDIT scores, 39% of participants were classed as having harmful alcohol consumption and 43.6% reported moderate/severe alcohol use that might indicate alcohol dependence. According to DAST scores, 21.8% of participants were classed as intermediate risk, 6.5% as substantial risk, and 0.5% as severe risk for drug use problems. Male bartenders reported drinking significantly more units of alcohol per week and scored significantly higher on the AUDIT compared to females. Bartenders aged 26-30 and 31-40 reported drinking significantly more alcohol per week than bartenders aged 18-25. Additionally, bartenders aged 26-30 scored significantly higher on the AUDIT than ages 41-55. A high workload (more than 40 h per week) had a significant effect on units of alcohol drunk per week.
CONCLUSION
This research indicates that hazardous alcohol and drug use is highly prevalent among this sample of bartenders. Working more than 40 h a week increases the amount of alcohol consumed, with males reporting higher use of alcohol and more problematic use than females. Additionally, those aged between 26 and 30 and 31 and 40 reported higher and more problematic use of alcohol compared to those in other age groups. These findings are important for public health because they describe a population that may be at risk of developing alcohol and substance use problems, and highlight the importance of adopting the brief, preventative interventions that we have suggested. Further research must help us to better understand the risk factors and causality involved in hazardous alcohol and drug use among bartenders.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 35361512
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108762 -
JAMA Psychiatry Oct 2020
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Forecasting; Health Plan Implementation; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Misuse; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Independent Living; Mental Disorders; Models, Theoretical; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; User-Centered Design
PubMed: 32520314
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1361 -
The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Dec 2023Research has led to the development of hundreds of evidence-based prevention interventions, most of which are school-based prevention programs. Most primary care... (Review)
Review
Research has led to the development of hundreds of evidence-based prevention interventions, most of which are school-based prevention programs. Most primary care clinicians and child/adolescent behavioral health clinicians are unfamiliar with and/or lack training in evidence-based prevention interventions. However, most clinicians in these settings routinely screen children for developmental delays and skills deficits that increase the risk of developing substance abuse and a broad range of mental health and behavior problems by adolescence. It is hoped that the broader use of these practical evidence-based prevention tools may expand the prevention workforce to address the current youth mental health crisis.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders; Mental Health
PubMed: 37879835
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.002