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FEMS Yeast Research Jul 2022
Topics: Drug Resistance; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 35849022
DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac029 -
American Journal of Infection Control Jul 2023Hospital acquired infections pose a significant risk for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance...
BACKGROUND
Hospital acquired infections pose a significant risk for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes contributes to prevalence of multidrug-resistant infections in this patient population.
METHODS
At an academic bone marrow transplantation center, we performed whole genome DNA sequencing (WGS) on commonly used physician items, including badges, stethoscopes, soles of shoes, and smart phones from 6 physicians. Data were analyzed to determine antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes.
RESULTS
A total of 1,126 unique bacterial species, 495 distinct bacteriophages, 91 unique DNA viruses, and 175 fungal species were observed. Every item contained bacteria with antibiotic and/or antiseptic resistance genes. Stethoscopes contained greatest frequency of antibiotic resistance and more plasmid-carriage of antibiotic resistance.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that physician examination tools and personal items possess potentially pathogenic microbes. Infection prevention policies must consider availability of resources to clean physical examination tools as well as provider awareness when enacting hospital policies. Additionally, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (eg, encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and quinolones) reinforces need for antimicrobial stewardship, including for immunocompromised patients. Further research is needed to assess whether minute quantities of microbes on physician objects detectable by WGS represents clinically significant inoculums for immunocompromised patients.
Topics: Humans; Plasmids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; beta-Lactams; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36306861
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.10.007 -
Life Sciences Dec 2020Sarcomas, originating from mesenchymal progenitor stem cells, are a group of rare malignant tumors with poor prognosis. Wide surgical resection, chemotherapy, and... (Review)
Review
Sarcomas, originating from mesenchymal progenitor stem cells, are a group of rare malignant tumors with poor prognosis. Wide surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the most common sarcoma treatments. However, sarcomas' response rates to chemotherapy are quite low and sarcoma cells can have intrinsic or acquired resistance after treatment with chemotherapeutics drugs, leading to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR). Cancer cellular plasticity plays pivotal roles in cancer initiation, progression, therapy resistance and cancer relapse. Moreover, cancer cellular plasticity can be regulated by a multitude of factors, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor microenvironment (TME) or selective pressure imposed by treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that cellular plasticity is involved in sarcoma progression and chemoresistance. It's essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of cellular plasticity as well as its roles in sarcoma progression and drug resistance. Therefore, this review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms and pathological roles of these diverse cellular plasticity programs in sarcoma. Additionally, we propose cellular plasticity as novel therapeutic targets to reduce sarcoma drug resistance.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Plasticity; Disease Progression; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Sarcoma; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33069737
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118589 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... May 2023Antibiotic resistance is an enormous problem that is accountable for over a million deaths annually, with numbers expected to significantly increase over the coming... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic resistance is an enormous problem that is accountable for over a million deaths annually, with numbers expected to significantly increase over the coming decades. Although some of the underlying causes leading up to antibiotic resistance are well understood, many of the molecular processes involved remain elusive. To better appreciate at a molecular level how resistance emerges, customized chemical biology tools can offer a solution. This Feature Article attempts to provide an overview of the wide variety of tools that have been developed over the last decade, by highlighting some of the more illustrative examples. These include the use of fluorescent, photoaffinity and activatable antibiotics and bacterial components to start to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance. The antibiotic crisis is an eminent global threat and requires the continuous development of creative chemical tools to dissect and ultimately counteract resistance.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Bacterial
PubMed: 37039397
DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00759f -
European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy :... Mar 2022The number of antifungal classes is small, and resistance is becoming a much more frequent problem. Much greater emphasis needs to be placed on susceptibility testing...
The number of antifungal classes is small, and resistance is becoming a much more frequent problem. Much greater emphasis needs to be placed on susceptibility testing and antifungal stewardship. Such efforts demonstrably improve survival and overall clinical outcomes. Positively diagnosing a fungal infection with laboratory markers often allows antibacterial therapy to be stopped (ie, anti-tuberculous therapy in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis or antibiotics other than cotrimoxazole in pneumonia), contributing to antimicrobial resistance control generally. Non-culture based diagnostics for fungal disease are transformational in terms of sensitivity and speed, but only occasionally identify antifungal resistance.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Drug Resistance, Fungal
PubMed: 35190454
DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002604 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2021Chemotherapy represents the current mainstay therapeutic approach for most types of cancer. Despite the development of targeted chemotherapeutic strategies, the efficacy...
Chemotherapy represents the current mainstay therapeutic approach for most types of cancer. Despite the development of targeted chemotherapeutic strategies, the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs is severely limited by the development of drug resistance. Multidrug resistance (MDR) consists of the simultaneous resistance to various unrelated cytotoxic drugs and is one of the main causes of anticancer treatment failure. One of the principal mechanisms by which cancer cells become MDR involves the overexpression of ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), mediating the active efflux of cytotoxic molecules from the cytoplasm. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron lipid-enclosed vesicles that are released by all cells and which play a fundamental role in intercellular communication in physiological and pathological contexts. EVs have fundamental function at each step of cancer development and progression. They mediate the transmission of MDR through the transfer of vesicle cargo including functional ABC transporters as well as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Furthermore, EVs mediate MDR by sequestering anticancer drugs and stimulate cancer cell migration and invasion. EVs also mediate the communication with the tumour microenvironment and the immune system, resulting in increased angiogenesis, metastasis and immune evasion. All these actions contribute directly and indirectly to the development of chemoresistance and treatment failure. In this chapter, we describe the many roles EVs play in the acquisition and spread of chemoresistance in cancer. We also discuss possible uses of EVs as pharmacological targets to overcome EV-mediated drug resistance and the potential that the analysis of tumour-derived EVs offers as chemoresistance biomarkers.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33779919
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_9 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2023Antimicrobial stewardship refers to a well-coordinated program which promotes the scientific and rational use of antimicrobials, reduces the chances of drug resistance... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial stewardship refers to a well-coordinated program which promotes the scientific and rational use of antimicrobials, reduces the chances of drug resistance and improves patient outcomes. A comprehensive English language literature search was done across multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane) for the period 1990-2022, revealing a large volume of reports of growing resistance to established antifungal therapies, against a backdrop of irrational and unscientific prescriptions. As a result of this, antifungal stewardship, a new kid on the block, has recently garnered attention. This review article is an attempt to summarise the basic concept of stewardship programs, highlighting the dire need to implement the same in the present situation of antifungal resistance and treatment failure.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimicrobial Stewardship; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Drug Resistance
PubMed: 36461808
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_91_2022 -
Environmental Microbiology Dec 2021
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Microbial
PubMed: 34773441
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15841 -
Revue de L'infirmiere Oct 2023
Topics: Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
PubMed: 37838375
DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2023.08.015 -
Drug Discovery Today Sep 2022Drug resistance to chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies is a current challenge in cancer treatments. The underlying mechanisms of resistance to cytotoxic... (Review)
Review
Drug resistance to chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies is a current challenge in cancer treatments. The underlying mechanisms of resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and to drugs that target a specific molecule are not understood completely. In recent years, emerging evidence has frequently suggested that the dysregulation of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plays important roles in the development of drug resistance. We focus on the molecular mechanisms through which DUBs enable cancer cells to escape cell death and survive when exposed to a variety of anti-cancer drugs. Furthermore, this review summarizes the potential application of DUB inhibitors in combination therapies to overcome drug resistance.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Deubiquitinating Enzymes; Drug Resistance; Molecular Targeted Therapy
PubMed: 35760282
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.009