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Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni... 2022Drugs that block dopaminergic transmission are currently widely used in the treatment of psychiatric diseases. One of the significant, common complications of therapy... (Review)
Review
Drugs that block dopaminergic transmission are currently widely used in the treatment of psychiatric diseases. One of the significant, common complications of therapy are tardive dyskinesias, which develop after prolonged, at least 3 months, therapy with antipsychotics and significantly reduce the quality of life of patients. Tardive dyskinesia is an extrapyramidal disorder, mainly manifested by involuntary hyperkinesis of the muscles of the face and tongue. These movements negatively affect the patient's daily activities and quality of life. This article reviews the currently available treatment strategies for this type of disorder. One of the promising methods is therapy with Normokinesin (tetrabenazine), which, by reducing dopaminergic stimulation of brain neurons, significantly reduces hyperkinesis.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Humans; Mental Disorders; Quality of Life; Tardive Dyskinesia
PubMed: 35175700
DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212201131 -
The European Journal of Neuroscience Apr 2021Dopamine replacement therapy with L-DOPA remains the most widely prescribed treatment for Parkinson disease. However, prolonged treatment due to disease progression... (Review)
Review
Dopamine replacement therapy with L-DOPA remains the most widely prescribed treatment for Parkinson disease. However, prolonged treatment due to disease progression frequently causes unwanted motor movements known as levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Previous studies have established that alterations to the efferent circuitry of the striatum, a principal component of the basal ganglia, are in part responsible for the pathological motor consequences of prolonged levodopa treatment. While the role of the striatal direct pathway is widely accepted, the engagement of the striatal indirect pathway in dyskinetic pathophysiology is still under consideration. However, recent investigations have finally shown that the activity of both striatal pathways changes as a consequence of dopamine depletion and dyskinetic behavioural conditions. In addition, it has been reported that drug-induced structural alterations to indirect pathway medium spiny neurons, together with associated changes in synaptic plasticity and firing patterns, could contribute importantly to the development of dyskinesia. These findings, together with recent opto- and chemogenetic studies, suggest that a critical imbalance in the activity between both striatal pathways is sufficient to cause dyskinesia in both rodent and primate models of Parkinson disease. In animal models, and in human patients, dyskinetic behaviours elicited by this efferent pathway imbalance can be achieved even in the absence of dopamine denervation. In this review, we summarize recent and past findings to better understand this complex pathology with the aim of pursuing specific cell-type therapies to re-balance efferent striatal activity.
Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dyskinesias; Humans; Levodopa
PubMed: 32394612
DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14777 -
Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna,... Apr 2021The paroxysmal dyskinesias are a diverse group of genetic disorders that manifest as episodic movements, with specific triggers, attack frequency, and duration. With... (Review)
Review
The paroxysmal dyskinesias are a diverse group of genetic disorders that manifest as episodic movements, with specific triggers, attack frequency, and duration. With recent advances in genetic sequencing, the number of genetic variants associated with paroxysmal dyskinesia has dramatically increased, and it is now evident that there is significant genotype-phenotype overlap, reduced (or incomplete) penetrance, and phenotypic variability. In addition, a variety of genetic conditions can present with paroxysmal dyskinesia as the initial symptom. This review will cover the 34 genes implicated to date and propose a diagnostic workflow featuring judicious use of whole-exome or -genome sequencing. The goal of this review is to provide a common understanding of paroxysmal dyskinesias so basic scientists, geneticists, and clinicians can collaborate effectively to provide diagnoses and treatments for patients.
Topics: Chorea; Dyskinesias; Humans; Exome Sequencing
PubMed: 33929620
DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02335-x -
Neuropediatrics Jun 2021
Topics: Dyskinesias; Humans; Sleep
PubMed: 33374026
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721685 -
BMJ Case Reports Aug 2021
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Dyskinesias; Humans
PubMed: 34376423
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244248 -
Neurology India 2021Lamotrigine (LMT) is a phenyltriazine derivative that was originally described as an antiepileptic drug. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Lamotrigine (LMT) is a phenyltriazine derivative that was originally described as an antiepileptic drug.
OBJECTIVE
This literature review aims to evaluate the clinical epidemiological profile, pathological mechanisms, and management of lamotrigine-associated movement disorders.
METHODS
Relevant reports in six databases were identified and assessed by two reviewers without language restriction. Reports that the individuals only developed tremor or ataxia after LMT use were not included.
RESULTS
In total 48 reports of 108 cases from 19 countries were assessed. The movement disorders associated with LMT found were 29 tics, 21 dyskinesias, 14 myoclonus, 13 parkinsonism, 10 dystonia, and 1 stuttering. The not clearly defined cases included 10 akathisia, 4 myoclonus, 4 cerebellar syndromes, 1 hypertonia, 1 dyskinesia, and an unknown number of dystonia cases. The mean reported age was 33.34 years (range: 1.574 years). The male was the predominant sex and the most common LMT indication was epilepsy. The mean LMT-dose at the movement disorder onset was 228 mg. The time from LMT start to the onset of movement disorder was within 6 months in 81%. The time from LMT withdrawal to complete recovery was within 1 month in 83%. The most common management was LMT withdrawal.
CONCLUSIONS
In the literature, the majority of the cases did not give a clear picture of the individual, and the times of movement disorder onset and recovery are not described. We believe that before withdrawal LMT, a dose adjustment based on the benefits and adverse events with careful evaluation case-by-case can be done.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Ataxia; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; Lamotrigine; Male; Movement Disorders
PubMed: 34979637
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.333440 -
Journal of Neuroscience Methods Feb 2020Hyperkinetic movement disorders include tremors, dystonia, chorea, tics, myoclonus, stereotypies, restless legs syndrome, and various other disorders with abnormal... (Review)
Review
Hyperkinetic movement disorders include tremors, dystonia, chorea, tics, myoclonus, stereotypies, restless legs syndrome, and various other disorders with abnormal involuntary movements. Although several disorders could be included in such a broad spectrum, a limited number of conditions are modeled in non-human primates. These disabling conditions include notably L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, essential tremor and Huntington's disease. Non-human primate models of these conditions exist. This short opiniated review surveys the current state of use of these models as well as the future developments.
Topics: Animals; Chorea; Dystonia; Movement Disorders; Parkinson Disease; Primates; Tremor
PubMed: 31857131
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108551 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jul 2021This is a case report of a patient, who was diagnosed with epilepsy (atypical infantile convulsions) at the age of one year and unspecific myopathy at the age of three...
This is a case report of a patient, who was diagnosed with epilepsy (atypical infantile convulsions) at the age of one year and unspecific myopathy at the age of three years. At the age of 25 years, the patient was referred to a neuromuscular clinic due to myopathy, but the diagnose was changed to atypical infantile convulsions with seizures in adulthood and paroxysmal choreoathetosis due to a pathogenic variant c.970G>A, p. (Gly324Arg) in the PRRT2 gene.
Topics: Adult; Dyskinesias; Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal; Humans; Infant; Membrane Proteins; Mutation; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Pedigree
PubMed: 34356019
DOI: No ID Found -
Instructional Course Lectures 2024It is important to discuss the importance of synchronous balance between periscapular muscles for scapulothoracic motion and resultant scapulohumeral rhythm....
It is important to discuss the importance of synchronous balance between periscapular muscles for scapulothoracic motion and resultant scapulohumeral rhythm. Abnormalities in this balance can lead to scapular dyskinesia and winging, affecting shoulder motion and leading to impingement. Strategies exist to diagnose and differentiate between pathologies such as muscle paralysis (eg, trapezius or serratus anterior) or overactivity (eg, pectoralis minor). The physician should be aware of the role of diagnostic imaging, as well as the unique considerations for patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Overall, a comprehensive physical examination to accurately diagnose and treat scapular pathologies is particularly important.
Topics: Humans; Electromyography; Scapula; Shoulder; Muscle, Skeletal; Dyskinesias
PubMed: 38090928
DOI: No ID Found -
Perspectives in Psychiatric Care Apr 2022The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of common adverse effects and management strategies related to atypical antipsychotic use.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of common adverse effects and management strategies related to atypical antipsychotic use.
CONCLUSIONS
Atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed. While effective, atypical antipsychotics are associated with metabolic syndrome, extrapyramidal symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia, among others adverse effects. Management strategies can mitigate adverse effects and promote optimum quality of life.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
To be able to identify and manage adverse effects associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics, it is important to build a supportive therapeutic environment at each interaction with patients and their caregivers.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Humans; Quality of Life
PubMed: 33955013
DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12837