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Frontiers in Immunology 2022
Topics: Humans; Synovial Membrane; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 36304462
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052196 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology May 2020Synovial joints are unique functional elements of the body and provide the ability for locomotion and for physical interaction with the environment. They are composed of... (Review)
Review
Synovial joints are unique functional elements of the body and provide the ability for locomotion and for physical interaction with the environment. They are composed of different connective tissue structures, of which the synovial membrane is one central component. It shows a number of peculiarities that makes it different from other membranes in our body, while several lines of evidence suggest that synovial fibroblasts, also termed fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) critically contribute to these peculiarities. This becomes evident particularly under disease conditions such as in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, where the synovium is a key pathophysiological component. Therefore, an in-depth knowledge of FLS biology is not only important for understanding key features of articular function but also provides explanations for important characteristics of both degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases. This article reviews the structure, biochemical composition and functions of the synovial membrane and by focusing on the role of synovial fibroblasts explains key features of articular tissue remodelling particularly under disease conditions.
Topics: Fibroblasts; Humans; Models, Biological; Synovial Membrane; Synoviocytes
PubMed: 31956018
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.006 -
European Journal of Applied Physiology Dec 2019The benefits of exercise across the lifespan and for a wide spectrum of health and diseases are well known. However, there remains less clarity as to the effects of both... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The benefits of exercise across the lifespan and for a wide spectrum of health and diseases are well known. However, there remains less clarity as to the effects of both acute and chronic exercise on joint health. Serum biomarkers of joint metabolism are sensitive to change and have the potential to differentiate between normal and adverse adaptations to acute and chronic load. Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to evaluate how serum biomarkers can inform our understanding of how exercise affects joint metabolism.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was completed to identify joint biomarkers previously used to investigate acute and chronic exercise training.
RESULTS
Identified biomarkers included those related to joint cartilage, bone, synovium, synovial fluid, and inflammation. However, current research has largely focused on the response of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) to acute loading in healthy young individuals. Studies demonstrate how acute loading transiently increases serum COMP (i.e., cartilage metabolism), which is mostly dependent on the duration of exercise. This response does not appear to be associated with any lasting deleterious changes, cartilage degradation, or osteoarthritis.
CONCLUSION
Several promising biomarkers for assessing joint metabolism exist and may in future enhance our understanding of the physiological response to acute and chronic exercise. Defining 'normal' and 'abnormal' biomarker responses to exercise and methodological standardisation would greatly improve the potential of research in this area to understand mechanisms and inform practice.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein; Cartilage, Articular; Exercise; Humans; Knee Joint; Synovial Fluid
PubMed: 31650307
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04232-4 -
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Dec 2022Recent clinical and experimental trials have demonstrated that intra-articular 2.5% Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) is highly effective (82.5% free of lameness horses at... (Review)
Review
Recent clinical and experimental trials have demonstrated that intra-articular 2.5% Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) is highly effective (82.5% free of lameness horses at 2 year follow-up), lasting and safe for the treatment of equine osteoarthritis (OA). Over the last decade, intra-articular 2.5% PAAG has shown to be a potent and promising drug in the medication of OA in horses, as no other single medical treatment for OA has such prolonged efficacy. Most of these studies were presenting some limitations. Preliminary observations on the mechanisms of action of intra-articular 2.5% PAAG support a mechanical effect through integration into the synovial membrane, an increase in joint elasticity possibly reducing overall joint capsule stiffness, and provision of lasting viscosupplementation which contributes to protecting articular surfaces. In addition, no effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines have been observed. Studies also suggest that these positive effects occur in the absence of intra-articular neurotoxicity or fibrosis. The effect on the synovial membrane and joint capsule and the long-acting viscosupplementation represent new concepts in the management of equine OA. Horse; Osteoarthritis, Medication, 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Injections, Intra-Articular; Osteoarthritis; Viscosupplementation; Synovial Membrane; Horse Diseases
PubMed: 36273533
DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104143 -
Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 2021An 81-year-old male with an infected aortic valve presents to the orthopaedic service with a painful total knee of unclear chronicity and several weeks of intravenous...
An 81-year-old male with an infected aortic valve presents to the orthopaedic service with a painful total knee of unclear chronicity and several weeks of intravenous antibiotics. While some prosthetic joint infections (PJI) present very clearly, many come as consultations after previous partial work-up, administration of antibiotics, and an unclear history or timeline. Even in these more "real-world" clinical scenarios, the development of evidence-based practices will allow the orthopaedic surgeon the ability to accurately detect PJI and prudently determine when to take a patient to the operating room. The most widely-accepted algorithm is that developed by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS), which utilizes major and minor criteria and a scoring system that diagnoses PJI. Beyond this scoring system, recent studies have also shown the utility of laboratory tests, including serum and synovial fluid tests, as well as next generation sequencing techniques. These, with the addition of both simple radioimaging and more advanced nuclear imaging tests, provide surgeons the tools required to make the determination of PJI even in the most complex or difficult clinical scenarios. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 30(4):212-215, 2021).
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Arthritis, Infectious; Humans; Knee Joint; Male; Prostheses and Implants; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Synovial Fluid
PubMed: 35108184
DOI: No ID Found -
Orthopaedic Surgery Oct 2021Irreparable massive rotator cuff tear (IMRCT) was one of the causes of shoulder dysfunction, despite technical improvement, the failure rate of IMRCT was still... (Review)
Review
Irreparable massive rotator cuff tear (IMRCT) was one of the causes of shoulder dysfunction, despite technical improvement, the failure rate of IMRCT was still demonstrated to be high. Traditional treatments like non-surgical treatments, partial rotator cuff repair, and tendon transfers could only achieve a slight improvement. A potential cause for high failure rate was the fact that traditional treatments cannot restore the superior stability of glenohumeral joint, and thus restricted the movement of shoulder joint severely. Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) using a variety of grafts (autograft, allograft, xenograft, or synthetic grafts) provided a promising option for IMRCT. In surgery, graft was fixed medially to superior glenoid and laterally to the footprint of humeral greater tuberosity. SCR could increase the stability of the superior glenohumeral joint, decrease the subacromial pressure and acromiohumeral distance. This review summarized the relevant literature regarding the alternative grafts, surgery indications, operative techniques and clinical outcomes of SCR. we compared the different grafts, key surgical steps, the advantages and disadvantages of different surgical methods to provide clinicians with new surgical insights into the treatments of IMRCT. In conclusion, IMRCT without severe glenohumeral arthritis was the best suitable indication for SCR. The clinical outcomes were positive in the short-term and middle-term following-up. More studies were necessary to determine long-term results of this surgical procedure.
Topics: Arthroscopy; Humans; Joint Capsule; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Rotator Cuff Injuries
PubMed: 34585538
DOI: 10.1111/os.12976 -
International Journal of Biological... 2021Joint capsule fibrosis caused by excessive inflammation results in post-traumatic joint contracture (PTJC). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 plays a key role in PTJC...
Joint capsule fibrosis caused by excessive inflammation results in post-traumatic joint contracture (PTJC). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 plays a key role in PTJC by regulating fibroblast functions, however, cytokine-induced TGF-β1 expression in specific cell types remains poorly characterized. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in inflammation- and fibrosis-associated pathophysiology. In this study, we investigated whether MIF can facilitate TGF-β1 production from fibroblasts and regulate joint capsule fibrosis following PTJC. Our data demonstrated that MIF and TGF-β1 significantly increased in fibroblasts of injured rat posterior joint capsules. Treatment the lesion sites with MIF inhibitor 4-Iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP) reduced TGF-β1 production and relieved joint capsule inflammation and fibrosis. , MIF facilitated TGF-β1 expression in primary joint capsule fibroblasts by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (P38, ERK) signaling through coupling with membrane surface receptor CD74, which in turn affected fibroblast functions and promoted MIF production. Our results reveal a novel function of trauma-induced MIF in the occurrence and development of joint capsule fibrosis. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism may provide potential therapeutic targets for PTJC.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Fibroblasts; Fibrosis; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; Joint Capsule; Joint Diseases; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Macrophages; Male; RNA; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
PubMed: 33994866
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57025 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2021Detailed understanding of the innervation of the hip capsule (HC) helps inform surgeons' and anaesthetists' clinical practice. Post-interventional pain following... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Detailed understanding of the innervation of the hip capsule (HC) helps inform surgeons' and anaesthetists' clinical practice. Post-interventional pain following radiofrequency nerve ablation (RFA) and dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) remain poorly understood, highlighting the need for more knowledge on the topic. This systematic review and meta-analysis focuses on gross anatomical studies investigating HC innervation. The main outcomes were defined as the prevalence, course, density and distribution of the nerves innervating the HC and changes according to demographic variables. HC innervation is highly variable; its primary nerve supply seems to be from the nerve to quadratus femoris and obturator nerve. Many articular branches originated from muscular branches of the lumbosacral plexus. It remains unclear whether demographic or anthropometric variables may help predict potential differences in HC innervation. Consequently, primary targets for RFA should be the anterior inferomedial aspect of the HC. For THA performed on non-risk patients, the posterior approach with capsular repair appears to be most appropriate with the lowest risk of articular nerve damage. Care should also be taken to avoid damaging vessels and muscles of the hip joint. Further investigation is required to form a coherent map of HC innervation, utilizing combined gross and histological investigation.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Cadaver; Femoral Nerve; Hip Joint; Humans; Joint Capsule; Obturator Nerve; Pain, Postoperative; Radiofrequency Ablation; Sciatic Nerve
PubMed: 33674621
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84345-z -
Bioscience Trends Nov 2020The human immune system has evolved to recognize and eradicate pathogens, a process that is known as "host defense". If, however, the immune system does not work... (Review)
Review
The human immune system has evolved to recognize and eradicate pathogens, a process that is known as "host defense". If, however, the immune system does not work properly, it can mistakenly attack the body's own tissues and induce autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is such an autoimmune disease in which the synovial joints are predominately attacked by the immune system. Moreover, RA is associated with bone destruction and joint deformity. Although biologic agents have propelled RA treatment forward dramatically over the past 30 years, a considerable number of patients with RA still experience progressive bone damage and joint disability. That is to be expected since current RA therapies are all intended to halt inflammation but not to alleviate bone destruction. A better understanding of bone erosions is crucial to developing a novel strategy to treat RA-associated erosions. This review provides insights into RA-associated bone destruction and perspectives for future clinical interventions.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Biological Factors; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Cadherins; Humans; Joint Capsule; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Proteins; RANK Ligand; Recombinant Proteins; Signal Transduction; Synovial Fluid
PubMed: 32908076
DOI: 10.5582/bst.2020.03253 -
Arthritis Research & Therapy Apr 2021Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been regarded as a disease of cartilage degeneration, whereas mounting evidence implies that low-grade inflammation contributes to OA. Among... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been regarded as a disease of cartilage degeneration, whereas mounting evidence implies that low-grade inflammation contributes to OA. Among inflammatory cells involved, macrophages play a crucial role and are mediated by the local microenvironment to exhibit different phenotypes and polarization states. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to uncover the phenotypic alterations of macrophages during OA and summarized the potential therapeutic interventions via modulating macrophages.
METHODS
A systematic review of multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Medline) was performed up to February 29, 2020. Included articles were discussed and evaluated by two independent reviewers. Relevant information was analyzed with a standardized and well-designed template.
RESULTS
A total of 28 studies were included. Results were subcategorized into two sections depending on sources from human tissue/cell-based studies (12 studies) and animal experiments (16 studies). The overall observation indicated that M1 macrophages elevated in both synovium and circulation during OA development, along with lower numbers of M2 macrophages. The detailed alterations of macrophages in both synovium and circulation were listed and analyzed. Furthermore, interventions against OA via regulating macrophages in animal models were highlighted.
CONCLUSION
This study emphasized the importance of the phenotypic alterations of macrophages in OA development. The classical phenotypic subcategory of M1 and M2 macrophages was questionable due to controversial and conflicting results. Therefore, further efforts are needed to categorize macrophages in an exhaustive manner and to use advanced technologies to identify the individual roles of each subtype of macrophages in OA.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; Osteoarthritis; Phenotype; Synovial Membrane
PubMed: 33838669
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02457-3