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The Veterinary Clinics of North... May 2022Dogs presenting with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome suffer from multilevel obstruction of the airway as well as secondary structural collapse. Stenotic... (Review)
Review
Dogs presenting with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome suffer from multilevel obstruction of the airway as well as secondary structural collapse. Stenotic nares, aberrant turbinates, nasopharyngeal collapse, soft palate hyperplasia, macroglossia, tonsillar hypertrophy, laryngeal collapse, and left bronchial collapse are described as the most common associated anomalies. Rhinoplasty and palatoplasty as well as newer surgical techniques and prudent preoperative and postoperative care strategies have resulted in significant improvement even in middle-aged dogs.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Animals; Craniosynostoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Larynx; Palate, Soft; Syndrome
PubMed: 35379494
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.013 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Apr 2022Croup refers to airway inflammation and edema leading to obstruction of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Croup is the most common cause of acute airway obstruction in... (Review)
Review
Croup refers to airway inflammation and edema leading to obstruction of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Croup is the most common cause of acute airway obstruction in young children. It is characterized by the onset of low-grade fever, barky cough, stridor, hoarseness, and respiratory distress. Croup is typically caused by a viral infection (viral croup) but can occur suddenly without a viral prodrome (spasmodic croup). Recurrent croup is defined as two or more episodes per year. Recurrent croup should be considered a symptom of an underlying structural or inflammatory airway abnormality and should prompt a work-up for the underlying cause.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Croup; Humans; Infant; Larynx; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 35337542
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2021.12.004 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2020Laryngeal diseases are manifested by obstructive breathing patterns reflecting functional or mechanical upper airway obstruction. Laryngeal paralysis is the most common... (Review)
Review
Laryngeal diseases are manifested by obstructive breathing patterns reflecting functional or mechanical upper airway obstruction. Laryngeal paralysis is the most common disease of the larynx. Diagnosis requires close attention to anesthetic plane and coordination of respiratory effort with laryngeal motion. Surgical arytenoid lateralization improves clinical signs and quality of life in dogs; however, aspiration pneumonia is a recognized complication, and generalized neuropathy can progress. Laryngeal collapse can result from any cause of chronic upper airway obstruction but is most often associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Although uncommon, laryngeal neoplasia has a guarded to grave prognosis regardless of treatment.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Laryngeal Diseases; Prognosis
PubMed: 31882166
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.11.001 -
Anesthesia Progress Jun 2020Epiglottitis is most commonly caused by bacterial infection resulting in inflammation and edema of the epiglottis and neighboring supraglottic structures. Acute...
Epiglottitis is most commonly caused by bacterial infection resulting in inflammation and edema of the epiglottis and neighboring supraglottic structures. Acute infection was once found predominantly in children ages 2 to 6 years old, but with the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB) vaccine the incidence of cases in adults is increasing. Typical clinical presentation of epiglottitis includes fever and sore throat. Evidence of impending airway obstruction may be demonstrated by muffled voice, drooling, tripod position, and stridor. Radiographs can be helpful in diagnosing epiglottitis; however, they should not supersede or postpone securing the airway. An airway specialist such as an otolaryngologist, anesthesiologist, or intensivist should ideally evaluate the patient immediately to give ample time for preparing to secure the airway if necessary. All patients with epiglottitis should be admitted to the intensive care unit for close monitoring.
Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Epiglottis; Epiglottitis; Humans
PubMed: 32633776
DOI: 10.2344/anpr-66-04-08 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2019
Review
Topics: Acute Disease; Airway Obstruction; Algorithms; Croup; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngeal Diseases; Physical Examination; Respiratory System; Supraglottitis; Vocal Cord Paralysis
PubMed: 31722154
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1811697 -
Seminars in Pediatric Surgery Jun 2021Congenital airway anomalies (CAA) include a variety of conditions that cause respiratory distress in neonates and infants. These malformations occur at various anatomic...
Congenital airway anomalies (CAA) include a variety of conditions that cause respiratory distress in neonates and infants. These malformations occur at various anatomic levels and manifest in a wide spectrum of airway symptoms, with presentation significantly influenced by the level at which obstruction occurs as well as by the severity of obstruction. The prevalence of congenital airway malformations has been estimated to range between 0.2 and 1 in 10,000 live births. The most frequent CAA are laryngomalacia, bilateral vocal cord paralysis, subglottic stenosis, laryngeal webs, subglottic hemangioma, tracheomalacia, congenital tracheal stenosis, laryngotracheal cleft, and tracheal agenesis.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Laryngeal Diseases; Laryngomalacia; Laryngostenosis; Larynx; Vocal Cord Paralysis
PubMed: 34172206
DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151055 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Sep 2020Acute epiglottitis in adults is a rare, potentially life-threatening condition caused by a bacterial infection in the epiglottis. Typical symptoms are fever, sore...
BACKGROUND
Acute epiglottitis in adults is a rare, potentially life-threatening condition caused by a bacterial infection in the epiglottis. Typical symptoms are fever, sore throat, and respiratory distress caused by upper airway obstruction. Proper treatment is needed for a good outcome.
CASE PRESENTATION
We here present a 54-year-old female patient with acute epiglottitis. Her airway was secured by endotracheal intubation and she received antimicrobial therapy. She developed an abscess around the epiglottis that needed surgical drainage and tracheotomy. However, she fully recovered after nine days in hospital.
INTERPRETATION
Acute epiglottitis in adults is a potentially life-threatening condition. The prognosis is good with proper treatment including selective airway intervention, antimicrobial therapy, and close monitoring.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Epiglottis; Epiglottitis; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Middle Aged; Pharyngitis
PubMed: 32998500
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0382