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Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2020Vitiligo, a common depigmenting skin disorder, has an estimated prevalence of 0.5-2% of the population worldwide. The disease is characterized by the selective loss of... (Review)
Review
Vitiligo, a common depigmenting skin disorder, has an estimated prevalence of 0.5-2% of the population worldwide. The disease is characterized by the selective loss of melanocytes which results in typical nonscaly, chalky-white macules. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo which is now clearly classified as an autoimmune disease. Vitiligo is often dismissed as a cosmetic problem, although its effects can be psychologically devastating, often with a considerable burden on daily life. In 2011, an international consensus classified segmental vitiligo separately from all other forms of vitiligo, and the term vitiligo was defined to designate all forms of nonsegmental vitiligo. This review summarizes the current knowledge on vitiligo and attempts to give an overview of the future in vitiligo treatment.
Topics: Humans; Oxidative Stress; Quality of Life; Vitiligo
PubMed: 32155629
DOI: 10.1159/000506103 -
American Family Physician Jul 2019Erythema multiforme is an immune-mediated reaction that involves the skin and sometimes the mucosa. Classically described as target-like, the erythema multiforme lesions... (Review)
Review
Erythema multiforme is an immune-mediated reaction that involves the skin and sometimes the mucosa. Classically described as target-like, the erythema multiforme lesions can be isolated, recurrent, or persistent. Most commonly, the lesions of erythema multiforme present symmetrically on the extremities (especially on extensor surfaces) and spread centripetally. Infections, especially herpes simplex virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and medications constitute most of the causes of erythema multiforme; immunizations and autoimmune diseases have also been linked to erythema multiforme. Erythema multiforme can be differentiated from urticaria by the duration of individual lesions. Erythema multiforme lesions are typically fixed for a minimum of seven days, whereas individual urticarial lesions often resolve within one day. Erythema multiforme can be confused with the more serious condition, Stevens-Johnson syndrome; however, Stevens-Johnson syndrome usually contains widespread erythematous or purpuric macules with blisters. The management of erythema multiforme involves symptomatic treatment with topical steroids or antihistamines and treating the underlying etiology, if known. Recurrent erythema multiforme associated with the herpes simplex virus should be treated with prophylactic antiviral therapy. Severe mucosal erythema multiforme can require hospitalization for intravenous fluids and repletion of electrolytes.
Topics: Erythema Multiforme; Humans
PubMed: 31305041
DOI: No ID Found -
La Clinica Terapeutica 2020To better understand the real prevalence of cutaneous manifestations, in Neurofibromatosis type 1. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To better understand the real prevalence of cutaneous manifestations, in Neurofibromatosis type 1.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed all clinical charts of 1102 NF1 patients followed by February 1983 to February 2020 at the "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. NF1 patients are seen usually every year by a dermatologist.
RESULT
Café-au-lait macules were shown in 1063 patients (96.5%), axillary and inguinal freckling in 991 (90%) and neurofibromas in 861 (78.1%). Other skin manifestations included: lipoma (6.2%), nevus anemicus (3.9%), psoriasis (3.4%), spilus nevus (3.2%), juvenile xanthogranuloma (3.2%), vitiligo (2.3%), Becker's nevus (1.9%), melanoma (0.7%) and poliosis (0.5%).
CONCLUSION
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a multisystem disorder primarily involving the skin and nervous system. The clinical manifestations are extremely variable even within a family. This study was performed to delineate the prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in NF1.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Italy; Male; Middle Aged; Neurofibromatosis 1; Prevalence; Skin Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 32901776
DOI: 10.7417/CT.2020.2242 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Vitiligo is an acquired hypopigmentation of the skin due to a progressive selective loss of melanocytes; it has a prevalence of 1-2% and appears as rounded,... (Review)
Review
Vitiligo is an acquired hypopigmentation of the skin due to a progressive selective loss of melanocytes; it has a prevalence of 1-2% and appears as rounded, well-demarcated white macules. The etiopathology of the disease has not been well defined, but multiple factors contribute to melanocyte loss: metabolic abnormalities, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Therefore, a convergence theory was proposed that combines all existing theories into a comprehensive one in which several mechanisms contribute to the reduction of melanocyte viability. In addition, increasingly in-depth knowledge about the disease's pathogenetic processes has enabled the development of increasingly targeted therapeutic strategies with high efficacy and fewer side effects. The aim of this paper is, by conducting a narrative review of the literature, to analyze the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the most recent treatments available for this condition.
Topics: Humans; Vitiligo; Hypopigmentation; Melanocytes; Skin; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 36902341
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054910 -
Dermatologic Therapy Jan 2021Dysgeusia is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this review article, we described oral lesions of COVID-19 patients. We... (Review)
Review
Dysgeusia is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this review article, we described oral lesions of COVID-19 patients. We searched PubMed library and Google Scholar for published literature since December 2019 until September 2020. Finally, we selected 35 articles including case reports, case series and letters to editor. Oral manifestations included ulcer, erosion, bulla, vesicle, pustule, fissured or depapillated tongue, macule, papule, plaque, pigmentation, halitosis, whitish areas, hemorrhagic crust, necrosis, petechiae, swelling, erythema, and spontaneous bleeding. The most common sites of involvement in descending order were tongue (38%), labial mucosa (26%), and palate (22%). Suggested diagnoses of the lesions were aphthous stomatitis, herpetiform lesions, candidiasis, vasculitis, Kawasaki-like, EM-like, mucositis, drug eruption, necrotizing periodontal disease, angina bullosa-like, angular cheilitis, atypical Sweet syndrome, and Melkerson-Rosenthal syndrome. Oral lesions were symptomatic in 68% of the cases. Oral lesions were nearly equal in both genders (49% female and 51% male). Patients with older age and higher severity of COVID-19 disease had more widespread and sever oral lesions. Lack of oral hygiene, opportunistic infections, stress, immunosuppression, vasculitis, and hyper-inflammatory response secondary to COVID-19 are the most important predisposing factors for onset of oral lesions in COVID-19 patients.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Mouth Diseases; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33236823
DOI: 10.1111/dth.14578 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare sporadic condition defined by the classic triad of fibrous dysplasia of bone, café au lait skin macules, and hyperfunctioning... (Review)
Review
McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare sporadic condition defined by the classic triad of fibrous dysplasia of bone, café au lait skin macules, and hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies. The molecular basis of MAS has been ascribed to the post-zygotic somatic gain-of-function mutations in the gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of G proteins, leading to constitutive activation of several G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). The co-occurrence of two of the above-mentioned cardinal clinical manifestations sets the diagnosis at the clinical level. In this case report, we describe a 27-month-old girl who presented with gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty secondary to an estrogen-secreting ovarian cyst, a café au lait skin macule and growth hormone, and prolactin excess, and we provide an updated review of the scientific literature on the clinical features, diagnostic work-up, and therapeutic management of MAS.
Topics: Female; Humans; Child, Preschool; Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic; Puberty, Precocious; Endocrine System Diseases; Human Growth Hormone; Cafe-au-Lait Spots
PubMed: 37239810
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108464 -
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 2019Phakomatoses present with characteristic findings on the skin, central or peripheral nervous system, and tumors. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common syndrome and... (Review)
Review
Phakomatoses present with characteristic findings on the skin, central or peripheral nervous system, and tumors. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common syndrome and is characterized by Café-au-lait macules, intertriginous freckling, Lisch nodules, and tumors including neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and gliomas. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex is characterized by benign hamartomas presenting with hypomelanotic macules, shagreen patches, angiofibromas, confetti lesions and tumors including cortical tubers, subependymal nodules, subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and tumors of the kidney, lung, and heart. Managing these disorders requires disease specific supportive care, tumor monitoring, surveillance for selected cancers, and treatment of comorbid conditions.
Topics: Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1; Humans; Neurocutaneous Syndromes; Neurofibromatosis 1; Skin; Tuberous Sclerosis; Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
PubMed: 31466597
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2019.05.015