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JAAD International Mar 2021Because of the increasing emergence of skin manifestations of COVID-19 worldwide, we investigated the published reports of these lesions. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Because of the increasing emergence of skin manifestations of COVID-19 worldwide, we investigated the published reports of these lesions.
METHODS
We conducted a literature search for original and review articles published from November 11, 2019 to September 30, 2020.
RESULTS
We identified 5 skin lesions common in patients with COVID-19: pseudo-chilblains, rashes containing macules and papules, and urticarial, vesicular, and vaso-occlusive lesions. These lesions manifested at various times in relation to the COVID-19 symptoms, which may indicate whether the lesions are virus-induced or are delayed immunological responses to the infection. Skin lesions were more prevalent among Europeans and United States residents than among Asians, as was pseudo-chilblain, and the morphology of the skin lesions varied among continents. Pseudo-chilblains were the most common COVID-19 skin manifestation in Europe and the United States, but there was only 1 reported case from Asian populations. Additionally, patients with vaso-occlusive lesions were more likely than those with pseudo-chilblains to be admitted to the intensive care unit and to die.
CONCLUSION
Different cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19 could reflect a wide spectrum of viral interactions with the skin, though reporting bias may play a role as well.
PubMed: 33479703
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2020.12.003 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Jan 2021
Topics: Humans; Melanosis; Nevus, Pigmented; Scalp; Skin Abnormalities; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 33049275
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.04.021 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus (monkeypox virus-MPV) belonging to the Poxviridae family. In humans, the disease has an incubation period of... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus (monkeypox virus-MPV) belonging to the Poxviridae family. In humans, the disease has an incubation period of 5-21 days and then progresses in two phases, the prodromal phase and the rash phase. The prodromal phase is characterized by non-specific symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, malaise, lymphadenopathy, headache, and chills. Skin lesions appear in the rash phase of the disease. These lesions progress through different stages (macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules). In May 2022, WHO reported an outbreak of human Mpox in several countries which were previously Mpox-free. As per the CDC report of March 01, 2023, a total of 86,231 confirmed cases of Mpox and 105 deaths have been reported from 110 countries and territories across the globe. Notably, more than 90% of these countries were reporting Mpox for the first time. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that this outbreak was associated with the virus from the West African clade. However, most of the cases in this outbreak had no evidence of travel histories to MPV-endemic countries in Central or West Africa. This outbreak was primarily driven by the transmission of the virus via intimate contact in men who have sex with men (MSM). The changing epidemiology of Mpox raised concerns about the increasing spread of the disease in non-endemic countries and the urgent need to control and prevent it. In this chapter, we present all the documented cases of Mpox from 1970 to 2023 and discuss the past, present, and future of MPV.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Disease Outbreaks; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Phylogeny; Zoonoses
PubMed: 38801568
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_1 -
Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous... (Review)
Review
Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous macules, papules, and reticulate hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. A distinct atypical variant exists, which features brown macules predominantly on the trunk, lower limbs, and extremities, with a notable absence of the hallmark reticulated hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. This review includes a detailed literature search and examines cases since GGD's first description in 1982. It aims to synthesize the current knowledge on GGD, covering its etiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, diagnosis, and treatment. A significant aspect of this review is the exploration of the genetic, histopathological, and clinical parallels between GGD and Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), which is another rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis, particularly focusing on their shared mutations in the and genes. This supports the hypothesis that GGD and DDD may be different phenotypic expressions of the same pathological condition, although they have traditionally been recognized as separate entities, with suprabasal acantholysis being a distinctive feature of GGD. Lastly, this review discusses the existing treatment approaches, underscoring the absence of established guidelines and the limited effectiveness of various treatments.
PubMed: 38390850
DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology11010008 -
The Journal of Dermatological Treatment Jun 2020Notalgia paresthetica (NP) is a sensory neuropathy of the back characterized by a well demarcated, hyperpigmented macule or patch located medial or inferior to the... (Review)
Review
Notalgia paresthetica (NP) is a sensory neuropathy of the back characterized by a well demarcated, hyperpigmented macule or patch located medial or inferior to the scapulae. Symptoms include localized pruritus and pain, and the clinical course consists of remissions and relapses. It can be an underrecognized and difficult disease to treat since conventional treatments for pruritus in inflammatory dermatosis have variable efficacy. There are a variety of treatment modalities, but strong evidence to suggest the superiority of any one treatment is lacking. This review describes the treatments that have been used for NP in the literature and evaluates their level of evidence with respect to their efficacy. We also present a treatment algorithm based on our analysis. MEDLINE search was performed using the terms 'notalgia,' 'paresthetica,' and 'treatment.' All resulting articles have been included in this review. Treatment options include topical agents (capsaicin, tacrolimus, anesthetic cream, and amitriptyline/ketamine), systemic agents (gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, and amitriptyline), procedural modalities (botulinum toxin A and narrowband UVB), and physical therapy. Treatment should begin with topical agents or physical therapy, then systemic agents, and finally procedural modalities. We recommend combining treatment options with physical therapy for sustained treatment response.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Anticonvulsants; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Capsaicin; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Paresthesia; Physical Therapy Modalities; Pruritus; Sensory System Agents
PubMed: 30942103
DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1603360 -
NeoReviews Oct 2021Congenital pigmentary anomalies may be evident at birth or soon after, with some birthmarks becoming apparent later in infancy or early childhood. It is important to... (Review)
Review
Congenital pigmentary anomalies may be evident at birth or soon after, with some birthmarks becoming apparent later in infancy or early childhood. It is important to recognize various pigmentary anomalies in the neonate, most of which are benign but a subset of which are associated with cutaneous morbidity or systemic ramifications and require further evaluation. This review will focus on pigmentary mosaicism, congenital melanocytic nevi, nevus spilus, dermal melanocytosis, and pigmentary anomalies associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (café au lait spots, freckling, plexiform neurofibromas, nevus anemicus), tuberous sclerosis (hypomelanotic macules), and incontinentia pigmenti.
Topics: Cafe-au-Lait Spots; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Neurofibromatosis 1; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34599064
DOI: 10.1542/neo.22-10-e660 -
Cancers Jan 2021Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex autosomal dominant disorder associated with germline mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. NF1 belongs to a class of... (Review)
Review
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex autosomal dominant disorder associated with germline mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. NF1 belongs to a class of congenital anomaly syndromes called RASopathies, a group of rare genetic conditions caused by mutations in the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Generally, NF1 patients present with dermatologic manifestations. In this review the main features of café-au-lait macules, freckling, neurofibromas, juvenile xanthogranuloma, nevus anemicus and other cutaneous findings will be discussed.
PubMed: 33530415
DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030463 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Nov 2021Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder that results in bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and solid organ malignancies. The diagnosis of FA is often delayed...
BACKGROUND
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder that results in bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and solid organ malignancies. The diagnosis of FA is often delayed because the early disease characteristics have not been well established.
OBJECTIVE
To outline the spectrum of cutaneous findings seen in patients with FA.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study in which patients with FA received a full-body skin examination. Patient characteristics are summarized with mean (SD) for continuous and count (%) for categorical variables. Poisson regression and logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between pigmentary changes and patient characteristics.
RESULTS
At least 1 cutaneous pigmentary alteration was present in 96.8% of patients, most arising before the teenage years. The most common finding was café-au-lait macules. Other findings included hypopigmented macules, skin-fold freckle-like macules, extensive sun-exposed freckling, and both hypopigmented and hyperpigmented pigment macules.
LIMITATIONS
Patients received a single assessment, so the number of pigmentary changes could not be assessed over time.
CONCLUSIONS
Characteristic morphology of FA includes faint and ill-defined café-au-lait macules, hypopigmented skin-fold freckle-like macules and the concurrence of hypopigmented and hyperpigmented macules. The recognition of these findings could aid clinicians in making earlier diagnoses.
Topics: Adolescent; Cafe-au-Lait Spots; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fanconi Anemia; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Melanosis
PubMed: 32822789
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.047