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Acta Biomaterialia Jan 2023The host inflammatory response to biomaterials conditions their capacity to promote tissue repair, and macrophage polarization shift from M1 to M2 is determinant in this...
The host inflammatory response to biomaterials conditions their capacity to promote tissue repair, and macrophage polarization shift from M1 to M2 is determinant in this process. Previous work showed that extracts of a combination between fibrinogen and metallic magnesium materials acted synergistically to reduce macrophage inflammatory phenotype. The hypothesis underlying the current work was that the ability of magnesium-modified fibrinogen scaffolds to modulate macrophage phenotype depends on the concentration of magnesium. Thus, Fibrinogen (Fg) scaffolds incorporating precise concentrations of magnesium sulfate (Mg: 0, 10, 25, 50 mM) were developed and characterized. Mg incorporation in Fg scaffolds increased surface charge, while porosity decreased with increasing Mg concentrations, but only Fg scaffolds with 10 mM of Mg (FgMg10) had significantly improved mechanical properties. Human macrophages cultured on FgMg10 scaffolds, showed increased M2 and decreased M1 polarization, when compared to those cultured on scaffolds with 0, 25 and 50 mM of Mg. Macrophage polarization results were independent of the anion used (chloride or sulfate). Macrophage modulation by FgMg10 scaffolds involved reduced NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, and impacted production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. IFNγ, IL-12, TNF-⍺, IP-10). Importantly, FgMg10 scaffolds implanted in vivo increased the expression of M2 marker CD163, in macrophages from inflammatory exudates, compared to Sham and Fg-implanted animals, increasing the M2:M1 ratio. A cytokine/chemokine array showed that, while both Fg and FgMg10 scaffolds decreased inflammatory mediators, only FgMg10 decreased IL-1β, IP-10, MIP-2, MDC and MIP-3⍺, compared to Sham-operated animals. This study demonstrated that incorporation of 10mM of Mg modulated inflammation, promoting M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Developing biomaterials that can modulate inflammation and promote macrophage phenotype switch from M1 to M2 is crucial to promote a regenerative microenvironment. Our previous work showed that extracts of a combination between fibrinogen (Fg) and metallic magnesium (Mg) materials synergistically reduced macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotype. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that macrophage modulation was dependent on Mg concentration. A new family of Fg porous scaffolds incorporating different amounts of Mg (0, 10, 25 and 50 mM) was produced and characterized. We observed that only the combination of Fg scaffolds with 10 mM of Mg (FgMg10) significantly changed the scaffolds mechanical properties and directed macrophages towards a M2 phenotype, reducing the production of inflammatory mediators, both in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Biocompatible Materials; Chemokine CXCL10; Fibrinogen; Inflammation; Macrophages; Magnesium; Phenotype
PubMed: 36328124
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.046 -
Journal of Medicinal Food Sep 2022New perspectives arise in the therapeutic practice for cancer, with the objective to not only treat patients, but also improve their quality of life. , a plant from...
New perspectives arise in the therapeutic practice for cancer, with the objective to not only treat patients, but also improve their quality of life. , a plant from Brazilian Amazon presents a wide range of pharmacological actions. This study evaluated the effect of Guarana () extract, pure and dry Guarana (PC-18) extract and magnesium chloride (MgCl) in mice of the Balb/c strain inoculated with the Ehrlich tumor regarding gene expression of inflammatory markers transforming growth factor-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and oxidative stress (OS) and fatigue, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase 4 and analyzed myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. After euthanasia, blood was collected to analyze the complete blood count and measured the levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatoprotective actions of the crude extract of and PC-18 extract were noticed. The PC-18 and MgCl group showed the best result regarding animal welfare. There were no associations between compounds and gene expression regarding fatigue and OS. PC-18 reduced the tumor and may have an antitumor action. The crude extract of Guarana presented hepatoprotective action.
Topics: Animals; Fatigue; Magnesium Chloride; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasms; Paullinia; Plant Extracts; Quality of Life
PubMed: 34432547
DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0192 -
International Journal of Biochemistry... 2019Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular disease with association to risk factors. These risk factors in conjunction with essential elements has become identifiable...
Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular disease with association to risk factors. These risk factors in conjunction with essential elements has become identifiable with the development of the progressive disease. The key purpose of this investigation was to identify the levels of the essential elements, Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl) and Calcium (Ca) in both hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients in a Trinidadian population. To achieve this objective a case-control investigation was conducted in which both hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients were assessed. Patients were issued a questionnaire with a series of open-ended questions related to the study. Blood was then drawn from each patient once consent was obtained and sent to the lab to be assayed for the elements. Fifty hypertensive (50) patients were compared with 50 non-hypertensive patients. The average levels obtained for Na, Cl, Ca and Mg were 162.08±4.27 mmol/dL (P=0.53), 120.1±58.31 mmol/dL (P=0.51), 2.78±0.86 mmol/dL (P=0.47) and 0.52±0.31 mmol/dL (P<0.001) respectively for the hypertensive patients. The results in the present study revealed higher levels of Na, Ca and Cl and lower levels of Mg in the hypertensive patients. The hypertensive patients were also identifiable with having high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. Sixty-two (62%) of the hypertensive patients lived with the condition for more than 10 years. The results obtained for the Trinidadian population revealed in conclusion that hypertensive patients have higher levels of Na, Ca and Cl and lower levels of Mg. These results are similar to the global results with small differences in their average level of each ion identified.
PubMed: 31523477
DOI: No ID Found -
Biochemistry Research International 2022Nephrotoxicity is usually characterized by inefficiency of the kidney, thereby causing disruptions to electrolyte balance and blood acidity. This study aimed to evaluate...
Nephrotoxicity is usually characterized by inefficiency of the kidney, thereby causing disruptions to electrolyte balance and blood acidity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hesperidin and gallic acid on serum electrolytes and ion pumps in Wistar rats subjected to aluminum chloride (AlCl)-induced nephrotoxicity. Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of five animals apiece. Group one served as the negative control and received distilled water while the study lasted. Animals in groups 2-4 received 100 mg/kg/day AlCl throughout the study. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were also administered 100 mg/kg/day gallic acid and 100 mg/kg/day hesperidin, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were treated with 100 mg/kg/day gallic acid only and 100 mg/kg/day hesperidin only, respectively. Treatments were administered orally via gavage for 28 days with distilled water as the vehicle. Animals were sacrificed after which levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate ions were evaluated in the serum, while activities of Na/K and Ca/Mg ATPases were determined in kidney homogenate. Results showed that AlCl significantly ( < 0.05) inhibited activities of Na/K and Ca/Mg ATPases in addition to increasing serum levels of potassium, calcium, phosphate, and chloride, with concomitant decrease in serum levels of magnesium and bicarbonate. However, coadministration of AlCl with either gallic acid or hesperidin ameliorated all the disruptions caused by AlCl. It could be concluded that gallic acid and hesperidin could be relevant in managing electrolyte imbalances and acidosis occasioned by kidney dysfunction.
PubMed: 36263197
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6151684 -
Biophysical Journal Aug 2022Determining the non-specific and specific electrostatic contributions of magnesium binding to RNA is a challenging problem. We introduce a single-molecule method based...
Determining the non-specific and specific electrostatic contributions of magnesium binding to RNA is a challenging problem. We introduce a single-molecule method based on measuring the folding energy of a native RNA in magnesium and at its equivalent sodium concentration. The latter is defined so that the folding energy in sodium equals the non-specific electrostatic contribution in magnesium. The sodium equivalent can be estimated according to the empirical 100/1 rule (1 M NaCl is equivalent to 10 mM MgCl), which is a good approximation for most RNAs. The method is applied to an RNA three-way junction (3WJ) that contains specific Mg binding sites and misfolds into a double hairpin structure without binding sites. We mechanically pull the RNA with optical tweezers and use fluctuation theorems to determine the folding energies of the native and misfolded structures in magnesium (10 mM MgCl) and at the equivalent sodium condition (1 M NaCl). While the free energies of the misfolded structure are equal in magnesium and sodium, they are not for the native structure, the difference being due to the specific binding energy of magnesium to the 3WJ, which equals ΔG≃ 10 kcal/mol. Besides stabilizing the 3WJ, Mg also kinetically rescues it from the misfolded structure over timescales of tens of seconds in a force-dependent manner. The method should generally be applicable to determine the specific binding energies of divalent cations to other tertiary RNAs.
Topics: Magnesium; Nucleic Acid Conformation; RNA; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 35864738
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.020 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Aug 2021Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN) are common that are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Diet, genetic... (Review)
Review
Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN) are common that are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Diet, genetic factors, inflammation, and immunocytes and their cytokines play a role in their pathobiology. But the exact role of sodium, potassium, magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins in the pathogenesis of HTN and T2DM is not known. Recent studies showed that sodium and potassium can modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, alter the autonomic nervous system and induce dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune responses in addition to their action on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These actions of sodium, potassium and magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins are likely to be secondary to their action on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 and metabolism of essential fatty acids that may account for their involvement in the pathobiology of insulin resistance, T2DM, HTN and autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hypertension; Immunity; Inflammation; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 34334139
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01507-8 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Sep 2021Decapod crustaceans show variable degrees of euryhalinity and osmoregulatory capacity, by responding to salinity changes through anisosmotic extracellular regulation...
Decapod crustaceans show variable degrees of euryhalinity and osmoregulatory capacity, by responding to salinity changes through anisosmotic extracellular regulation and/or cell volume regulation. Cell volume regulatory mechanisms involve exchange of inorganic ions between extra- and intra-cellular (tissue) compartments. Here, this interplay of inorganic ions between both compartments has been evaluated in four decapod species with distinct habitats and osmoregulatory strategies. The marine/estuarine species Litopenaeus vannamei (Lv) and Callinectes danae (Cd) were submitted to reduced salinity (15‰), after acclimation to 25 and 30‰, respectively. The freshwater Macrobrachium acanthurus (Ma) and Aegla schmitti (As) were submitted to increased salinity (25‰). The four species were salinity-challenged for both 5 and 10 days. Hemolymph osmolality, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium were assayed. The same inorganic ions were quantified in muscle samples. Muscle hydration (MH) and ninhydrin-positive substances (NPS) were also determined. Lv showed slight hemolymph dilution, increased MH and no osmotically-relevant decreases in muscle osmolytes; Cd displayed hemolymph dilution, decreased muscular NaCl and stable MH; Ma showed hypo-regulation and steady MH, with no change in muscle ions; As conformed hemolymph sodium but hypo-regulated chloride, had stable MH and increased muscle NPS and ion levels. Hemolymph and muscle ions (especially chloride) of As were highly correlated (Pearson, +0.83). Significant exchanges between hemolymph and muscle ionic pools were more evident in the two species with comparatively less AER regulatory power, C. danae and A. schmitti. Our findings endorse that the interplay between extracellular and tissue ionic pools is especially detectable in euryhaline species with relatively lower osmoregulatory strength.
Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Decapoda; Hemolymph; Ions; Magnesium; Osmolar Concentration; Osmoregulation; Palaemonidae; Penaeidae; Potassium; Salinity; Sodium Chloride; Species Specificity; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 34098129
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111001 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section C,... Aug 2020MgCO·MgCl·7HO is the only known neutral magnesium carbonate containing chloride ions at ambient conditions. According to the literature, only small and twinned...
MgCO·MgCl·7HO is the only known neutral magnesium carbonate containing chloride ions at ambient conditions. According to the literature, only small and twinned crystals of this double salt could be synthesised in a concentrated solution of MgCl. For the crystal structure solution, single-crystal diffraction was carried out at a synchrotron radiation source. The monoclinic crystal structure (space group Cc) exhibits double chains of MgO octahedra linked by corners, connected by carbonate units and water molecules. The chloride ions are positioned between these double chains parallel to the (100) plane. Dry MgCO·MgCl·7HO decomposes in the air to chlorartinite, Mg(OH)Cl(CO)·nHO (n = 2 or 3). This work includes an extensive characterization of the title compound by powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, SEM and vibrational spectroscopy.
PubMed: 32756036
DOI: 10.1107/S2053229620008153 -
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Feb 2023The demand for high-energy-density and safe energy storage devices has spurred increasing interest in high-voltage rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB). As...
The demand for high-energy-density and safe energy storage devices has spurred increasing interest in high-voltage rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB). As electrolytes are the bridge connecting the cathode and anode materials, the development of high-voltage electrolytes is the key factor in realizing high-voltage RMBs. This concept presents an overview of three chloride-free electrolyte systems with wide electrochemical windows, together with the degradation mechanisms and modification strategies at the anode/electrolyte interphase. Finally, future directions in stabilizing Mg anodes and realizing high-voltage RMBs are highlighted.
PubMed: 36409403
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203334 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Dec 2022The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude, duration and significance of postprandial changes to select serum biochemistry analytes in healthy adult cats in the...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude, duration and significance of postprandial changes to select serum biochemistry analytes in healthy adult cats in the 12 h period after a meal.
METHODS
Nine adult research cats fed commercial food were included. Blood samples were taken after a 12 h fast (hour 0), cats were offered and consumed a meal, and postprandial samples were obtained over a 12 h period starting 2 h after the baseline blood draw (hours 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12). Serum samples were run on a Roche Cobas C501 chemistry analyzer to obtain concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, phosphorus, total calcium, bicarbonate, cholesterol, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride. Serum concentrations of each analyte at hours 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 were compared with concentrations prior to feeding.
RESULTS
Serum concentration for at least one postprandial time point was different from baseline fasted concentration for BUN (hour 2, = 0.006; hour 4, <0.0001; hour 6, = 0.002; hour 8, = 0.026), phosphorus (hour 2, = 0.019), bicarbonate (hours 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10; all <0.01), glucose (hour 12, = 0.014), magnesium (hour 10, = 0.029) and chloride (hour 2, = 0.026; hour 4, = 0.044; hour 12, = 0.019). No significant difference was seen at any postprandial sampling point compared with baseline for serum creatinine, total calcium, cholesterol, sodium or potassium concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Short-term postprandial serum concentrations of BUN, phosphorus, bicarbonate and chloride differed at multiple time points within a 12 h period compared with the fasted state at baseline, with most values remaining within the reference intervals. Veterinarians should be aware of these alterations, though they are unlikely to be mistaken for pathological disease states in healthy adult cats.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Bicarbonates; Chlorides; Magnesium; Calcium; Sodium; Potassium
PubMed: 36219454
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X221121929