-
Immunological Medicine Sep 2020Bone is one of the most common distant organs in which tumor cells tend to metastasize depending on complicated immune system and bone microenvironments. Clinical... (Review)
Review
Bone is one of the most common distant organs in which tumor cells tend to metastasize depending on complicated immune system and bone microenvironments. Clinical symptoms such as severe pain and bone fractures associated with bone metastases severely affect patients' quality of life. According to the pathological types of bone destruction caused by the biological characteristics of different primary cancer cells, bone metastases are classified as osteolytic, osteoblastic and mixed types. Herein, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis and the therapeutic strategy with focus on bone metabolism.
Topics: Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Denosumab; Diphosphonates; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Osteoblasts; Osteolysis; Quality of Life; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 32301686
DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2020.1754084 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020Many cancers commonly metastasize to bone. After entering the bone, cancer cells can interact with surrounding stromal cells, which ultimately influences metastasis... (Review)
Review
Many cancers commonly metastasize to bone. After entering the bone, cancer cells can interact with surrounding stromal cells, which ultimately influences metastasis progression. Extracellular vesicles, direct cell contact and gap junctions, and cytokines are all mechanisms of intercellular communication that have been observed to occur in the bone microenvironment. These methods of cellular crosstalk can occur between cancer cells and a variety of stromal cells, with each interaction having a different impact on cancer progression. Communication between cancer cells and bone-resident cells has previously been implicated in processes such as cancer cell trafficking and arrest in bone, cancer cell dormancy, cancer cell reactivation, and proliferation. In this chapter we review innovative techniques and model systems that can be used to study bidirectional crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal cells in the bone, with an emphasis specifically on bone-metastatic breast cancer. Investigating how metastatic cancer cells interact with, and are influenced by, the bone microenvironment is crucial to better understanding of the progression of bone metastasis.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Cell Communication; Humans; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 32030644
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_1 -
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &... Aug 2019Malignant bone tumors of the head and neck region are rare. Due to the paucity of studies on these tumors, patients with these maxillofacial malignancies can suffer from... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Malignant bone tumors of the head and neck region are rare. Due to the paucity of studies on these tumors, patients with these maxillofacial malignancies can suffer from high morbidity and mortality.
RECENT FINDINGS
Currently, mainstay management of these tumors includes wide surgical resection with margins followed by radiotherapy and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. Although much progress has been made over the last few decades regarding the prognosis of many of these tumors, large multicenter trials are needed to better determine their optimal management.
SUMMARY
The current review will provide a broad review of the most current epidemiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and management of the most common bone malignancies of the maxillofacial skeleton.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Prognosis; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
PubMed: 31219832
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000555 -
Artificial intelligence-based radiomics in bone tumors: Technical advances and clinical application.Seminars in Cancer Biology Oct 2023Radiomics is the extraction of predefined mathematic features from medical images for predicting variables of clinical interest. Recent research has demonstrated that... (Review)
Review
Radiomics is the extraction of predefined mathematic features from medical images for predicting variables of clinical interest. Recent research has demonstrated that radiomics can be processed by artificial intelligence algorithms to reveal complex patterns and trends for diagnosis, and prediction of prognosis and response to treatment modalities in various types of cancer. Artificial intelligence tools can utilize radiological images to solve next-generation issues in clinical decision making. Bone tumors can be classified as primary and secondary (metastatic) tumors. Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma are the dominating primary tumors of bone. The development of bone tumor model systems and relevant research, and the assessment of novel treatment methods are ongoing to improve clinical outcomes, notably for patients with metastases. Artificial intelligence and radiomics have been utilized in almost full spectrum of clinical care of bone tumors. Radiomics models have achieved excellent performance in the diagnosis and grading of bone tumors. Furthermore, the models enable to predict overall survival, metastases, and recurrence. Radiomics features have exhibited promise in assisting therapeutic planning and evaluation, especially neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This review provides an overview of the evolution and opportunities for artificial intelligence in imaging, with a focus on hand-crafted features and deep learning-based radiomics approaches. We summarize the current application of artificial intelligence-based radiomics both in primary and metastatic bone tumors, and discuss the limitations and future opportunities of artificial intelligence-based radiomics in this field. In the era of personalized medicine, our in-depth understanding of emerging artificial intelligence-based radiomics approaches will bring innovative solutions to bone tumors and achieve clinical application.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Diagnostic Imaging; Prognosis; Bone Neoplasms
PubMed: 37499847
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.07.003 -
Clinical Oncology (Royal College of... Nov 2020Bone is a common site of metastases in advanced cancers. The main symptom is pain, which increases morbidity and reduces quality of life. The treatment of bone... (Review)
Review
Bone is a common site of metastases in advanced cancers. The main symptom is pain, which increases morbidity and reduces quality of life. The treatment of bone metastases needs a multidisciplinary approach, with the main aim of relieving pain and improving quality of life. Apart from systemic anticancer therapy (hormonal therapy, chemotherapy or immunotherapy), there are several therapeutic options available to achieve palliation, including analgesics, surgery, local radiotherapy, bone-seeking radioisotopes and bone-modifying agents. Long-term use of non-steroidal analgesics and opiates is associated with significant side-effects, and tachyphylaxis. Radiotherapy is effective mainly in localised disease sites. Bone-targeting radionuclides are useful in patients with multiple metastatic lesions. Bone-modifying agents are beneficial in reducing skeletal-related events. This overview focuses on the role of surgery, including minimally invasive treatments, conventional radiotherapy in spinal and non-spinal bone metastases, bone-targeting radionuclides and bone-modifying agents in achieving palliation. We present the clinical data and their associated toxicity. Recent advances are also discussed.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Spinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 32747153
DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2020.07.010 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Nov 2019Leiomyosarcoma of bone is a rare primary osseous sarcoma characterized by smooth muscle differentiation and absence of malignant osteoid formation. Leiomyosarcoma of... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT.—
Leiomyosarcoma of bone is a rare primary osseous sarcoma characterized by smooth muscle differentiation and absence of malignant osteoid formation. Leiomyosarcoma of bone is diagnostically challenging; this can be improved with greater awareness of this entity and the ability to differentiate it from its histologic mimics. Because of its rarity, only a small number of studies are available in the literature. These factors contribute to our limited understanding of its pathology, prognosis, and treatment.
OBJECTIVE.—
To review the clinicopathologic features of leiomyosarcoma of bone and present the most up-to-date understanding of its behavior and management in accordance with the current literature.
DATA SOURCES.—
Review of pertinent literature on the major features, current knowledge thereof, and the authors' experience in the diagnosis and management of leiomyosarcoma of bone.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Leiomyosarcoma of bone is a rare but well-recognized primary osseous sarcoma that may arise de novo or in association with radiation. Although it is diagnostically challenging, awareness of this rare sarcoma and knowledge of its key histomorphologic and immunohistochemical features allow for accurate diagnosis.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Humans; Leiomyosarcoma; Prognosis
PubMed: 31661313
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0375-RA -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022The most prevalent malignant bone tumor, osteosarcoma, affects the growth plates of long bones in adolescents and young adults. Standard chemotherapeutic methods showed... (Review)
Review
The most prevalent malignant bone tumor, osteosarcoma, affects the growth plates of long bones in adolescents and young adults. Standard chemotherapeutic methods showed poor response rates in patients with recurrent and metastatic phases. Therefore, it is critical to develop novel and efficient targeted therapies to address relapse cases. In this regard, RNA interference technologies are encouraging options in cancer treatment, in which small interfering RNAs regulate the gene expression following RNA interference pathways. The determination of target tissue is as important as the selection of tissue-specific promoters. Moreover, small interfering RNAs should be delivered effectively into the cytoplasm. Lentiviral vectors could encapsulate and deliver the desired gene into the cell and integrate it into the genome, providing long-term regulation of targeted genes. Silencing overexpressed genes promote the tumor cells to lose invasiveness, prevents their proliferation, and triggers their apoptosis. The uniqueness of cancer cells among patients requires novel therapeutic methods that treat patients based on their unique mutations. Several studies showed the effectiveness of different approaches such as microRNA, drug- or chemotherapy-related methods in treating the disease; however, identifying various targets was challenging to understanding disease progression. In this regard, the patient-specific abnormal gene might be targeted using genomics and molecular advancements such as RNA interference approaches. Here, we review potential therapeutic targets for the RNA interference approach, which is applicable as a therapeutic option for osteosarcoma patients, and we point out how the small interfering RNA method becomes a promising approach for the unmet challenge.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; RNA, Small Interfering; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Osteosarcoma; RNA Interference; Bone Neoplasms; MicroRNAs; RNA, Double-Stranded; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 36293439
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012583 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Aug 2023Bone is a common site of metastatic spread for solid tumors. Bone as an organ serves unique roles in the body's structural integrity, hematopoiesis, and the development... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Bone is a common site of metastatic spread for solid tumors. Bone as an organ serves unique roles in the body's structural integrity, hematopoiesis, and the development of immune modulating cells. With the increasing use of immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors, understanding the response of bone metastases is necessary.
RECENT FINDINGS
The data on checkpoint inhibitors used for managing solid tumors are reviewed here with a focus on bone metastases. Albeit with limited available data, there is a trend toward poorer outcomes in this setting, presumably due to the unique immune microenvironment within bone and bone marrow. Despite the potential to improve cancer outcomes with use of ICIs, bone metastases remain challenging to manage and may have different responses to ICIs than other disease sites. Areas for future investigation include a nuanced understanding of the bone microenvironment and dedicated research aimed at specific bone metastases outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Bone Neoplasms; Immunotherapy; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37294479
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00798-3 -
Technology in Cancer Research &... 2022Osteosarcoma, one of the common malignant tumors in the skeletal system, originates in mesenchymal tissue, and the most susceptible area of occurrence is the metaphysis... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma, one of the common malignant tumors in the skeletal system, originates in mesenchymal tissue, and the most susceptible area of occurrence is the metaphysis with its abundant blood supply. Tumors are characterized by highly malignant spindle stromal cells that can produce bone-like tissue. Most of the osteosarcoma are primary, and a few are secondary. Osteosarcoma occurs primarily in children and adolescents undergoing vigorous bone growth and development. Most cases involve rapid tumor development and early blood metastasis. In recent years, research has grown in the areas of molecular biology, imaging medicine, biological materials, applied anatomy, surgical techniques, biomechanics, and comprehensive treatment of tumors. With developments in molecular biology and tissue bioengineering, treatment methods have also made great progress, especially in comprehensive limb salvage treatment, which significantly enhances the quality of life after surgery and improves the 5-year survival rate of patients with malignant tumors. This article provides a review of limb salvage, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and targeted therapy from traditional amputation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, providing a reference for current clinical treatments for osteosarcoma.
Topics: Adolescent; Biological Products; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Humans; Limb Salvage; Osteosarcoma; Quality of Life
PubMed: 36128851
DOI: 10.1177/15330338221124696 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. A single miRNA is able to target... (Review)
Review
Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. A single miRNA is able to target hundreds of specific messenger RNA (mRNAs) by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions. miRNAs regulate different biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Altered miRNA expression is certainly related to the development of the most common human diseases, including tumors. Osteosarcoma (OS), Ewing's Sarcoma (ES), and Chondrosarcoma (CS) are the most common primary bone tumors which affect mainly children and adolescents. A significant dysregulation of miRNA expression, in particular of mir-34, mir-21, mir-106, mir-143, and miR-100, has been revealed in OS, ES and CS. In this context, miRNAs can act as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, contributing to the initiation and progression of bone tumors. The in-depth study of these small molecules can thus help to better understand their biological functions in bone tumors. Therefore, this review aims to examine the potential role of miRNAs in bone tumors, especially OS, ES and CS, and to suggest their possible use as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone tumors and as biomarkers for early diagnosis.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 35216464
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042348