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Neurological Sciences : Official... Feb 2022We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to document the time course of retrograde neuronal degeneration following indirect optic nerve injury.
OBJECTIVE
We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to document the time course of retrograde neuronal degeneration following indirect optic nerve injury.
METHODS
We retrospectively studied patients diagnosed with unilateral indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Patients with total or near-total optic atrophy were included. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examinations, including OCT imaging, within 1 day and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 weeks after trauma.
RESULTS
The mean thicknesses of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) and macular retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after trauma (p = 0.027 and p = 0.043). Changes in mGCIPL thickness preceded changes in cpRNFL thickness. The rates of reduction in mGCIPL and cpRNFL thicknesses were greatest between 2 to 4 weeks and 4 to 6 weeks after trauma. The reduction in mGCIPL thickness then slowed, and stabilized at 12 weeks after trauma. The proportions of cpRNFL and mGCIPL losses at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks compared to 24 weeks were 17.1, 33.7, 59.8, 77.9, and 87.9% and 30.0, 73.3, 76.1, 88.3, and 97.9%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
OCT revealed optic atrophy progression 2 weeks after trauma, which was most rapid from 2 to 6 weeks, and then gradually stabilized. Loss of retinal ganglion cell bodies and dendrites seemed to precede the axonal degeneration. Observations of morphological changes in retinal layers using OCT in TON patients improve our understanding of retrograde neuronal degeneration of the central nervous system.
Topics: Humans; Nerve Fibers; Optic Atrophy; Optic Nerve Injuries; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 34241727
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05448-z -
Ophthalmology. Retina Dec 2019Most studies of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in geographic atrophy (GA) have been nonquantitative, with inadequate registration of image modalities. Furthermore, as...
PURPOSE
Most studies of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in geographic atrophy (GA) have been nonquantitative, with inadequate registration of image modalities. Furthermore, as pointed out in the recent Consensus Definition for Atrophy Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration on OCT, it is unclear whether decreased FAF would be correlated exclusively with a single category of OCT-defined atrophy. We sought to determine how FAF intensity in eyes with GA correlates with structural changes of the outer retina and choroid as seen on co-registered spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) images.
DESIGN
Retrospective cross-sectional.
PARTICIPANTS
Twenty eyes of 11 patients with GA secondary to non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
METHODS
Spectral domain OCT and FAF images for each eye were co-registered using MATLAB (MathWorks Inc, Natick, MA). On B-scans, the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptor (PR) layer, and outer nuclear layer (ONL) were segmented. Regions of interest (ROIs) including all atrophic and border regions were selected manually on the FAF scans. Regions of interest were subdivided into quartiles of FAF level to correlate with retinal thickness measurements taken along the B-scans. Mean choroid, RPE, PR, and ONL thicknesses were compared across quartiles using an analysis of variance factorial design testing for interaction effects, adjusted for repeated measures (on both eyes) with a within-subjects factor.
RESULTS
Seventeen eyes of 10 patients were selected for analysis. The mean choroidal thicknesses were not significantly different across FAF quartiles, but the overall differences in mean RPE, PR layer, and ONL thicknesses across quartiles were statistically significant (analysis of variance, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.015, respectively). Post hoc analysis demonstrated significant differences in thickness among quartiles 1, 2, and 3 for the RPE and PR layers (Tukey, P < 0.01 in each case). The FAF quartiles within GA did not correlate exclusively with single categories of Consensus Definition for Atrophy Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration-defined atrophy.
CONCLUSIONS
Not only RPE but also PR layer thickness on SD-OCT varies significantly with FAF levels in GA. This suggests that although the RPE cells are losing thickness and function, evidenced by decreased FAF from fluorophores, delicate PR cells also succumb early in the disease process. These relationships should be pursued as a possibly better-detailed mechanism in GA.
Topics: Aged; Choroid; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Geographic Atrophy; Humans; Male; Retina; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31810572
DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.07.016 -
Aesthetic Surgery Journal Sep 2022Volumetric hand rejuvenation of the dorsal hands is increasingly applied for aged, skeletonized dorsal hand skin, with prominent veins, tendons, and joints due to...
BACKGROUND
Volumetric hand rejuvenation of the dorsal hands is increasingly applied for aged, skeletonized dorsal hand skin, with prominent veins, tendons, and joints due to volumetric loss of subcutaneous fat. However, the aging process of the fatty laminae remains unexplored.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of aging and potential determinants on the fatty laminae to improve the therapeutic effect of volumetric injection.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study enrolled 105 Taiwanese participants aged ≥20 years, divided into 5 decade-based age groups. A single blinded practitioner measured the thicknesses of the dorsal superficial lamina (DSL), dorsal intermediate lamina (DIL), and dorsal deep lamina (DDL) by ultrasonography. The potential determining factors of the laminae thickness (age, sex, BMI, and hand dominance) were analyzed.
RESULTS
The thicknesses of the 3 laminae decreased with age, with the mean decrease in thickness from the 20s to >60 years of the DSL, DIL, and DDL being 0.21 mm (30.0%), 1.38 mm (63.89%), and 0.31 mm (20.95%), respectively. The decrease in DIL thickness was the greatest and most significant in subjects aged >30 years. Multiple linear regression analysis showed age to be the only determinant of thickness for the 3 laminae (all P < 0.001), although the DIL was significantly thicker in men (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Volumetric fat loss was noted in the 3 fatty laminae of dorsal hands during aging; the DIL showed the greatest progressive fat loss after the age of 30. Volumetric rejuvenation of the 3 laminae may result in the most aesthetic appearance, especially in women.
Topics: Adult; Aging; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hand; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Rejuvenation; Ultrasonography; Young Adult
PubMed: 35170732
DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac035 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Jan 2023Due to a recent development of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) systems, it is easier to realize high-resolution in vivo imaging of the biological tissues. The object of...
OBJECTIVES
Due to a recent development of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) systems, it is easier to realize high-resolution in vivo imaging of the biological tissues. The object of this study was to map the thickness and echo density of skin layers in healthy Chinese people and assess the influence of gender, age, and region on it.
METHODS
A total of 189 volunteers (85 male, 104 female) with age range of 22-75-year old (mean age of 41.2-year old) were enrolled. The thickness and density of the epidermis and dermis layer were detected by high-frequency (22 or 75 MHz) ultrasonography at 13 different anatomical sites, including the forehead, cheeks, flexor and extensor forearms, flexor and extensor upper arms, inner and outer legs, inner and outer thighs, back, and abdomen.
RESULTS
The thickness and density of epidermis/dermis between different anatomical sites were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The epidermis thickness of the face and trunk were less than that of the limbs, whereas the thicknesses of the dermis were on the contrary. The density of the epidermis/dermis of the face and trunk were less than that of the limbs. The thickness of dermis in most of the sites were higher in male than in female, and the density of epidermis and dermis in most of the sites were less in men than in women. The thicknesses/densities of dermis were lower in older age group in almost all sites, whereas only several sites reached statistical. The difference between the north and south regions showed the environment also influenced the thickness and density of the skin.
CONCLUSION
HFUS provides a simple noninvasive method for evaluating the skin thickness and echo-density, which, reflecting intradermal structure, exhibit systematic regional variation. With the establishment of Chinese phenotypic database of skin thickness and density, it will be helpful for the skin disease assessment, skin surgery, and cosmetology technology.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Aged; Adult; Young Adult; Middle Aged; East Asian People; Skin; Epidermis; Ultrasonography; Epidermal Cells
PubMed: 36331142
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13219 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... May 2022Corneal epithelial thickness mapping has a wide range of applications including screening for keratoconus, screening for anterior basement membrane dystrophy, and...
SIGNIFICANCE
Corneal epithelial thickness mapping has a wide range of applications including screening for keratoconus, screening for anterior basement membrane dystrophy, and assessment of dry eye. It also plays an important role in corneal laser refractive surgery. These all require an understanding of the epithelial thickness profile in a normal cornea as a reference.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to compare corneal epithelial thickness along different meridians in normal eyes with different types of corneal astigmatism.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, corneal topography and epithelial thickness mapping by anterior segment optical coherence tomography was performed for 154 normal eyes. Corneal astigmatism was classified based on the orientation of the steepest corneal meridian (with-the-rule [WTR], against-the-rule [ATR], and oblique) and the amount (low, moderate, and high). On a 9-mm epithelial thickness map, the thickness along the horizontal (180°), vertical (90°), and diagonal (45 and 135°) meridians was calculated.
RESULT
With-the-rule, oblique, and ATR astigmatisms were observed in 40, 31, and 29% of the eyes, respectively. In all types of astigmatism, the mean epithelial thickness was greater along the 180° meridian and thinner along the 90° meridian. There was no statistically significant difference in mean thickness along different meridians for WTR (P = .24) and oblique (P = .46) astigmatism, whereas the difference along the 180 and 90° meridians (P = .003) for ATR astigmatism was statistically significant. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in thickness in different types of astigmatism separately for each meridian (P < .05) so that the highest and lowest thicknesses were seen for ATR and oblique astigmatisms, respectively. The epithelial thickness showed no statistical difference in various amounts of astigmatism along different meridians.
CONCLUSIONS
Thicker epithelium along the horizontal meridian in ATR may point to the surface regularizing functions of the epithelium to create a regular and smooth surface, but thickness assessment along the different meridians in oblique and WTR showed no curvature-dependent changes.
Topics: Astigmatism; Cornea; Corneal Topography; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Keratoconus
PubMed: 35511121
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001886 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Jun 2023The present study explores the effects of Body Mass Index (BMI) on choroidal thickness, the deep and superficial retinal capillary plexuses, and the foveal avascular...
AIM
The present study explores the effects of Body Mass Index (BMI) on choroidal thickness, the deep and superficial retinal capillary plexuses, and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ).
METHODS
The subjects in this prospective study were divided into five groups based on their calculated BMI. Choroidal thickness, superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses, and FAZ were measured using enhance depth imaging (EDI) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The groups were then compared and correlations with BMI were evaluated.
RESULTS
The study included 210 eyes of 105 subjects. The comparison of the BMI groups revealed a significant decrease in the mean choroidal thicknesses in the obese groups (p = 0.001), and a significant negative correlation between BMI and mean choroidal thickness (p = 0.02). The results of the analysis of the mean superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses did not differ between the groups (p = 0.089, p = 0.808 respectively), while the deep FAZ measurements revealed a significant decrease in the obese groups (p = 0.003).
CONCLUSION
Choroidal thickness and deep FAZ are significantly negatively correlated with BMI, suggesting potential choroidal and retinal microvascular effects of obesity.
Topics: Humans; Body Mass Index; Retinal Vessels; Fluorescein Angiography; Fovea Centralis; Prospective Studies; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 36924979
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103515 -
Journal of Ophthalmology 2021To study the variation of iris thicknesses in different regions and explore the possible correlations with age and gender.
PURPOSE
To study the variation of iris thicknesses in different regions and explore the possible correlations with age and gender.
METHODS
Healthy Chinese adults were recruited; the anterior segment of their eyes was imaged by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). The horizontal scan of the right eye was selected, and the thicknesses of both the nasal and temporal irises were measured at 199 evenly spaced points.
RESULTS
A total of 233 subjects with an average age of 36.79 ± 10.04 years (range 19 to 62) were included in the final analysis. The mean iris thicknesses of the temporal and nasal sides were 364.79 ± 47.58 m and 372.44 ± 43.75 m, respectively. The mean nasal iris thickness was positively correlated with age ( = 0.9 m/year; = 0.002), but the temporal one was not ( = 0.077 m/year; = 0.806). At 139 points of the nasal iris and 146 points of the temporal iris, the iris thickness was significantly correlated with age ( < 0.05). The thicknesses of the peripheral and pupillary parts were positively correlated with age, while the middle part was negatively correlated with age. No significant difference was observed in the mean iris thickness between genders (temporal: = 1.597, = 0.112; nasal: = 1.870, = 0.063), but females had a thicker iris than males at 50 points in the temporal side and 49 points in the nasal side ( < 0.05); no point in males was observed to have thicker iris compared to females.
CONCLUSION
Using SS-OCT and the novel method, thicknesses of the iris at different regions were measured. The thicknesses of the peripheral and pupillary irises increase with age, while the thicknesses of the middle part decrease.
PubMed: 34055394
DOI: 10.1155/2021/2653564 -
Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology Nov 2021Total deposition and deposition along the reverse curve of heavily deposited worn orthokeratology (OK) lenses were quantitatively evaluated using two novel imaging...
PURPOSE
Total deposition and deposition along the reverse curve of heavily deposited worn orthokeratology (OK) lenses were quantitatively evaluated using two novel imaging methods. In addition, the cleaning efficacies of a contact lens cleaning solution for daily use and an intensive cleaner and protein remover solution were evaluated using the same two methods.
STUDY DESIGN
Experimental study.
METHODS
Twenty-six worn reverse-geometry OK lenses (MY Emerald, Technopia) were photographed for use in three experiments: (1) total deposition was assessed before and after cleaning with two cleaning solutions; (2) in addition to assessing total lens deposition, the feasibility of measuring the thickness of lens deposits along the reverse curve was assessed; and (3) after confirming it was possible to assess the thickness of lens deposits, the thickness of deposits was assessed before and after cleaning with a daily contact lens cleaning solution (O Care, Menicon Co., Ltd.) and an intensive cleaner and protein remover (Progent, Menicon Co., Ltd.). Total lens deposition was assessed as the total volume of cloudiness over the lens surface in terms of volume per unit pixel. Cross-sectional images were taken from worn OK lenses to assess the thickness of lens deposits on the reverse curve as the area of deposits/horizontal length.
RESULTS
Significant differences in total deposition were found between the three cleaning conditions for the twenty worn OK lenses (mean total deposition ± SD for pre-cleaning = 0.209 ± 0.076; post-daily cleaning = 0.124 ± 0.078; and post-intensive cleaning = 0.045 ± 0.046) (p < 0.001). Mean total deposition and thickness of the deposits along the reverse curve for the three lenses from the second experiment were 0.310 and 6.0 mm, respectively. The mean thicknesses of lens deposits found in the third experiment under the 3 conditions were as follows: pre-cleaning = 3.4 µm; post-daily cleaning = 2.3 µm; and post-intensive cleaning = 0.0 µm.
CONCLUSION
The two novel imaging methods used in this study detected significant amounts of deposits attached to worn OK lenses and were sensitive enough to detect a reduction in deposition following the use of the two cleaning solutions tested. Furthermore, these methods could visualize and quantify the thickness of lens deposits along the reverse curve.
Topics: Contact Lenses; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Humans
PubMed: 34586527
DOI: 10.1007/s10384-021-00873-1 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Dec 2021To evaluate the choroidal structural parameters, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic density index (ODI) and their correlations in...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the choroidal structural parameters, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic density index (ODI) and their correlations in patients with migraine.
METHODS
Twenty-eight newly diagnosed migraine patients and 28 age-matched healthy controls were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. The enhanced depth-optical coherence tomography images were evaluated. The choroidal area (CA) was binarized to the luminal area (LA) and stromal area (SA) using Image J. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI), the mean peripapillary RNFL thickness, superior-inferior-nasal-temporal quadrant RNFL thicknesses, and the ODI were compared statistically.
RESULTS
The difference in the mean CVI between the patient group and controls reached a statistical significance (p=0.035). The mean RNFL thickness was significantly decreased in patients with migraine compared with the controls (p=0.040). The mean RNFL thickness in the superior, temporal, and inferior quadrants was significantly decreased in the patient group in comparison to the control subjects (p=0.030, p=0.001, and p=0.022, respectively). There were no significant differences between the migraine group and the controls for the mean ODI of RNFL (p=0.399).
CONCLUSION
The CVI and the RNFL thickness except for the nasal quadrant were significantly decreased in newly diagnosed migraine patients.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Nerve Fibers; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Prospective Studies; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 34520878
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102531 -
Beyoglu Eye Journal 2020This study was an analysis of the retinal layer thickness in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
OBJECTIVES
This study was an analysis of the retinal layer thickness in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
METHODS
A total of 42 patients diagnosed in the neurology clinic with MS according to the McDonald Criteria and 21 healthy individuals were included in the study and 4 groups were created. The first group comprised 21 eyes of 21 MS patients without eye involvement, the second group was made up of 21 eyes of 21 MS patients with a history of optic neuritis, the third group included the other eye of patients in the second group without a history of optic neuritis, and the fourth group was a control group of 21 eyes of 21 healthy individuals. SD-OCT was used to visualize and measure the retinal layers and the thickness was analyzed using the device software.
RESULTS
The mean age of the patient groups was 35.39±7.52 years, while it was 32.86±2.60 years in the control group. The mean duration of the disease was 9.81±6.65 years with a mean of 4.84±2.38 attacks. The ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of all of the patients were thinner compared with the control group in the parafoveal and perifoveal areas. All regions of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of patients in the second group were thinner than those of the control group. The RNFL, GCL, and IPL in the central, parafoveal and perifoveal macular rings in group 3 were thinner than the group 1 measurements; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Although the RNFL, GCL, and IPL layer thicknesses were lower in group 2 than group 3, only the difference in the parafoveal GCL thickness was statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that MS affects retinal layer thickness, and particularly the inner retinal layers.
PubMed: 35098070
DOI: 10.14744/bej.2020.65982