-
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Canada
PubMed: 38649166
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240371 -
Vaccine Apr 2023This paper reviews the administration related to vaccination in Japan after the enactment of the Immunization Act in 1948, under which vaccination was implemented... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the administration related to vaccination in Japan after the enactment of the Immunization Act in 1948, under which vaccination was implemented mandatory for the public. To enhance the effectiveness of vaccination activities, the government implemented group vaccination, which is convenient for vaccinating recipients all at once. In 1976, Japan established the relief system for health damage after vaccination. While some projects, such as the mass administration of live oral polio vaccine in 1961, achieved excellent results, incidents leading to health damage occurred, such as the diphtheria toxoid immunization incident (1948) and frequent occurrence of aseptic meningitis owing to the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (1989). In December 1992, the Tokyo High Court sentenced that the onset of health damage after vaccination could be attributed to the negligence of the national government. In the revision of the Immunization Act in 1994, the "mandatory vaccination" enforced until then was changed to "recommended vaccination." The Act was also changed to recommend "individual vaccination" in principle, which is performed after primary care physicians investigate the physical condition of individual recipients and carefully conduct preliminary examination. For approximately 20 years from the 1990s, a vaccine gap existed between Japan and other countries. From around 2010, efforts have been made to bridge this gap and establish the global standard in vaccination.
Topics: Humans; Japan; Rubella Vaccine; Vaccination; Mumps Vaccine; Measles Vaccine; Measles; Mumps; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Rubella
PubMed: 36933981
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.020 -
Vaccine Feb 2022Measles is endemic in Africa; measles mortality is highest among infants. Infant measles antibody titer at birth is related to maternal immune status. Older mothers are...
Measles is endemic in Africa; measles mortality is highest among infants. Infant measles antibody titer at birth is related to maternal immune status. Older mothers are likelier to have had measles infection, which provides higher antibody titers than vaccine-induced immunity. We investigated the relationship between maternal age and measles susceptibility in mother-infant pairs in Mali through six months of infancy. We measured serum measles antibodies in 340 mother-infant pairs by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and calculated the proportion of mothers with protective titers (>120 mIU/mL) at delivery and the proportion of infants with protective titers at birth, and at three and six months of age. We explored associations between maternal age and measles antibodies in mothers and infants at the timepoints noted. Ten percent of Malian newborns were susceptible to measles; by six months nearly all were. Maternal and infant antibody titers were highly correlated. At delivery, 11% of mothers and 10% of newborns were susceptible to measles. By three and six months, infant susceptibility increased to 72% and 98%, respectively. Infants born to younger mothers were most susceptible at birth and three months. Time to susceptibility was 6.6 weeks in infants born to mothers with measles titer >120-<430 mIU/mL versus 15.4 weeks when mothers had titers ≥430 mIU/mL. Maternal and newborn seroprotective status were positively correlated. Improved strategies are needed to protect susceptible infants from measles infection and death. Increasing measles immunization coverage in vaccine eligible populations, including nonimmune reproductive-aged women and older children should be considered.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Child; Female; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mali; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus
PubMed: 35101263
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.012 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Feb 2020In September 2019, the United States was at risk of losing measles elimination status due to several large-scale outbreaks resulting in more than 1200 confirmed cases... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
In September 2019, the United States was at risk of losing measles elimination status due to several large-scale outbreaks resulting in more than 1200 confirmed cases across 31 states. This resurgence caps approximately 10 years of increasing incidence, marked by a highly publicized outbreak in 2015 associated with Disneyland when an infected traveler from the Philippines unknowingly spread the virus to susceptible park visitors and the recently ended large outbreak in undervaccinated Orthodox Jewish communities in New York City and Rockland counties. This review highlights current literature elucidating factors associated with current trends in measles epidemiology in the United States, the public health implications of current measles outbreaks and a path forward for addressing challenges contributing to the resurgence of measles in the United States and globally.
RECENT FINDINGS AND SUMMARY
As the most highly transmissible vaccine preventable disease, measles is especially sensitive to changes in herd immunity, the impact of vaccine refusal and globalization. Results highlight the confluence of these factors in current outbreaks, provide tools to predict outbreak risk, demonstrate the growing impact of misinformation and evaluate the impact of policy approaches for outbreak control and prevention.
Topics: Communication; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunity, Herd; Internationality; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 31790030
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000845 -
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal =... Nov 2019In 2019, upon reviewing countries' reports, the regional verification commission for measles and rubella elimination declared elimination of measles and rubella in...
In 2019, upon reviewing countries' reports, the regional verification commission for measles and rubella elimination declared elimination of measles and rubella in Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran and Oman. This achievement in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) constitutes a major success, since it occurs at a time when there remain highly challenging situations in several countries of the Region. In addition, there are unprecedented high transmission rates of measles throughout the world, with other World Health Organization (WHO) regions either not progressing (status quo) or regressing. Indeed, the WHO Region of the Americas and several other countries have in fact lost the status of measles elimination.
Topics: Humans; Immunization Programs; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Middle East; Population Surveillance; Rubella; Rubella Vaccine; Vaccination Coverage; World Health Organization
PubMed: 31774131
DOI: 10.26719/2019.25.10.667 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2021Measles is an important vaccine preventable disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Although measles vaccine is a safe and effective vaccine available...
Measles is an important vaccine preventable disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Although measles vaccine is a safe and effective vaccine available worldwide for more than 50 years, still immunization efforts have not successfully reached the WHO goal of 95% vaccination coverage. Hesitancy is especially increased amongst parents of children with chronic conditions. Contraindications for measles-containing vaccines are well defined and include history of anaphylactic reactions to neomycin, history of severe allergic reaction to previous vaccination, pregnancy, and severe immunosuppression. Concurrently, precautions for measles-containing vaccines include amongst other, history of thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopenic purpura and personal or family history of seizures of any etiology. This article aims to address misconceptions on measles vaccine safety and review data on adverse events among special groups of subjects at increased risk following measles immunization.
Topics: Child; Humans; Immunization; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Vaccination Coverage
PubMed: 34788199
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1997034 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2021Ethiopia endorsed the African regional measles elimination goal in 2012 and has been implementing measles elimination strategies. Administration of measles vaccine...
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia endorsed the African regional measles elimination goal in 2012 and has been implementing measles elimination strategies. Administration of measles vaccine before the age of nine months decreases seroconversion. Ensuring administration of valid doses and monitoring vaccine effectiveness is crucial for achieving measles elimination. The objective of the study was to describe the magnitude of invalid measles dose administration and vaccine effectiveness in Ethiopia.
METHODS
we analysed the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) immunization coverage data for Ethiopia to determine the age at measles vaccine administration and proportion of measles age invalid doses administered. The national measles surveillance data for children with birthdates that match 12-23 months old children surveyed in the EDHS 2016, were analysed to determine the Proportion of Cases Vaccinated (PCV) with one dose of measles vaccine. We estimated the effectiveness of measles vaccine by using the proportion of measles cases vaccinated (PCV) from measles surveillance data and the measles vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 months reported in the demographic health survey (DHS) done in 2016 (Percent of Population Vaccinated for measles, PPV). The screening method was used to estimate measles vaccine effectiveness at national level and for regions which reported more than 30 measles cases among children 9-23 months of age in the 2013-2015 period. The correlation between the median age of invalid doses administered, proportion of invalid doses and measles vaccine effectiveness was analysed.
RESULTS
at national level, the proportion of invalid measles dose administration was 27.6% for children aged 12-35 months surveyed in the 2016 DHS survey in Ethiopia. Among children reported in the measles case-based surveillance database with birthdates that match the children surveyed in the Ethiopian DHS 2016, the proportion of measles cases vaccinated with a single dose of measles vaccine in the 2013-2015 period was 22.7%. The vaccine effectiveness for single dose measles vaccination was estimated at 75.3%. The measles vaccine effectiveness was low for regions with high proportion of invalid dose administration and lower median age of invalid dose administration. The median age of measles dose administered before the age of nine months was significantly correlated with measles vaccine effectiveness (r=0.971, p=0.001) in the respective regions.
CONCLUSION
the proportion of invalid measles dose administration is very high in Ethiopia and is associated with lower vaccine effectiveness. Further assessment should be carried out to understand the underlying root causes for invalid dose administration, focusing on areas with high proportion of invalid measles doses. The national program should devise strategies to promote timely vaccination as per the national schedule, and to revaccinate those vaccinated before 9 months of age. The ministry of health should also strengthen the platform for immunization in the 2 year life, to ensure high routine immunization coverage with two doses of measles vaccine to achieve the measles elimination goal in Ethiopia.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Ethiopia; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Vaccine Efficacy
PubMed: 35145591
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.229.29028 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Nov 2022In 2020, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Immunization Agenda 2030, an ambitious global immunization strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality from...
In 2020, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Immunization Agenda 2030, an ambitious global immunization strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases (1). This report updates a 2020 report (2) with global, regional,* and national vaccination coverage estimates and trends through 2021. Global estimates of coverage with 3 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-containing vaccine (DTPcv3) decreased from an average of 86% during 2015-2019 to 83% in 2020 and 81% in 2021. Worldwide in 2021, 25.0 million infants (19% of the target population) were not vaccinated with DTPcv3, 2.1 million more than in 2020 and 5.9 million more than in 2019. In 2021, the number of infants who did not receive any DTPcv dose by age 12 months (18.2 million) was 37% higher than in 2019 (13.3 million). Coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) decreased from an average of 85% during 2015-2019 to 84% in 2020 and 81% in 2021. These are the lowest coverage levels for DTPcv3 and MCV1 since 2008. Global coverage estimates were also lower in 2021 than in 2020 and 2019 for bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG) as well as for the completed series of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib), hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), polio vaccine (Pol), and rubella-containing vaccine (RCV). The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in disruptions to routine immunization services worldwide. Full recovery to immunization programs will require context-specific strategies to address immunization gaps by catching up missed children, prioritizing essential health services, and strengthening immunization programs to prevent outbreaks (3).
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Vaccination Coverage; Pandemics; COVID-19; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Immunization Programs; Vaccination; Measles Vaccine; Rubella Vaccine; Immunization Schedule
PubMed: 36327156
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7144a2 -
JAAPA : Official Journal of the... Feb 2021Measles (rubeola) is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable illness. Since 2014, a resurging trend has been noted in the incidence of measles, an illness once... (Review)
Review
Measles (rubeola) is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable illness. Since 2014, a resurging trend has been noted in the incidence of measles, an illness once eliminated. Low vaccination rates contribute to its resurgence. The most compelling reason for low vaccination rates is the availability and prevalence of nonmedical exemptions (NME), which are primarily based on religious and philosophical beliefs. This article reviews the effect of NMEs in measles resurgence and the moral and legal implications of these exemptions. Clinicians should be aware of this trend and be ready to educate and evaluate the validity of NME requests.
Topics: Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Health Education; Humans; Incidence; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Public Health; Religion; Vaccination; Vaccination Refusal; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
PubMed: 33470720
DOI: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000731512.09853.af -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... May 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Canada
PubMed: 38802137
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240415-f