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International Journal of Preventive... 2022Measles is an infectious childhood disease with some death annually. The expansion of the coverage of vaccination plan has significantly reduced the mortality rate of...
Measles is an infectious childhood disease with some death annually. The expansion of the coverage of vaccination plan has significantly reduced the mortality rate of this disease. Given that the endemic measles virus is not transmitted in the country and based on Regional Verification Commission (RVC) for Measles and Rubella Elimination has declared that measles and rubella have been eliminated in three countries of Eastern Mediterranean Region including Islamic Republic of Iran, Bahrain, and Oman. Therefore, to continue and preventing from reemerging of measles in Iran, it is essential to maintaining the immunization programs, diagnose, and investigate all suspicious cases and outbreaks. This article investigates the challenges facing to measles after elimination declaration in Iran. However, the elimination of these diseases to be sustainable needs a vigorous case identification protocol and contact follow up.
PubMed: 35706857
DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_334_20 -
Current Opinion in Virology Feb 2020Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) including measles and mumps have been re-emerging in countries with sustained high vaccine coverage. For mumps, waning immunity has... (Review)
Review
Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) including measles and mumps have been re-emerging in countries with sustained high vaccine coverage. For mumps, waning immunity has been recognized as a major contributor to recent outbreaks. Although unvaccinated individuals account for most cases in recent measles outbreaks, the role of immune waning remains unclear. Accumulating serological and epidemiological evidence suggests that natural immunity induced by infection may be more durable compared to vaccine-induced immunity. As the proportion of population immunity via vaccination gradually increases and boosting through natural exposures becomes rare, risk of outbreaks may increase. Mechanistic insights into the coupled immuno-epidemiological dynamics of waning and boosting will be important to understand optimal vaccination strategies to combat VPD re-emergence and achieve eradication.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Mumps virus
PubMed: 32634672
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.009 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Canine primary lung cancer with metastasis has a poor prognosis with no effective treatment. We previously generated a recombinant measles virus (MV) that lost binding...
Canine primary lung cancer with metastasis has a poor prognosis with no effective treatment. We previously generated a recombinant measles virus (MV) that lost binding affinity to a principal receptor, SLAM, to eliminate its virulence as a new cancer treatment strategy. The virus, rMV-SLAMblind, targets nectin-4, recently listed as a tumor marker, and exerts antitumor activity against nectin-4-positive canine mammary cancer and urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells. However, the effectivity of rMV-SLAMblind for other types of canine cancers is still unknown. Here we evaluated the antitumor effect of rMV-SLAMblind to canine lung cancer. Nectin-4 is expressed on three canine lung cancer cell lines (CLAC, AZACL1, AZACL2) and rMV-SLAMblind was able to infect these cell lines. CLAC cells showed reduced cell viability after virus infection. In the CLAC xenograft nude mouse model, intratumoral administration of rMV-SLAMblind significantly suppressed tumor growth. In rMV-SLAMblind-treated mice, natural killer cells were activated, and Cxcl10 and Il12a levels were significantly increased in comparison with levels in the control group. In addition, the depletion of NK cells reduced the anti-tumor effect. To understand difference in efficacy among canine lung cancer cell lines, we compared virus growth and gene expression pattern after virus treatment in the three canine lung cancer cell lines; virus growth was highest in CLAC cells compared with the other cell lines and the induction of interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-stimulated genes was at lower levels in CLAC cells. These results suggested that rMV-SLAMblind exhibits oncolytic effect against some canine lung cancer cells and the cellular response after the virus infection may influence its efficacy.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Dogs; Mice; Lung Neoplasms; Measles virus; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Nectins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Virus Diseases; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 37875555
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42305-9 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jul 2022The measles virus (MV) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age. Molecular identification of circulating wild-type MV) strains...
The measles virus (MV) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age. Molecular identification of circulating wild-type MV) strains is a vital component of the measles elimination program. We received 159 oral swab samples from Afghanistan during 2008-2018. Viral RNA was extracted, followed by one-step RT-PCR and positive amplicons were subject to sequencing for genotype identification. Out of 159 total samples, 52% (83/159) were detected positive by RT-PCR. Genotype D4 was identified from 2.4% (2/83), genotype H1, 4.8% (4/83), and genotype B3, 92.7% (77/83) cases, respectively.
Topics: Afghanistan; Child; Child, Preschool; Genotype; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 35261036
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27707 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde May 2020The measles virus is highly contagious and may hit non-immune populations very hard, as observed on remote islands. The first live-attenuated measles virus vaccine was...
The measles virus is highly contagious and may hit non-immune populations very hard, as observed on remote islands. The first live-attenuated measles virus vaccine was registered in the United States in 1963, and was imported to the Netherlands from 1968 onwards. Production was taken over by the National Institute for Public Health (RIV). Because the burden of disease was still high, measles vaccination was introduced into the Dutch National Immunisation Programme in 1976; since 1987 this has been in the form of the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination. The MMR vaccine was also initially imported and later manufactured by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Since then, measles epidemics have almost exclusively affected unvaccinated populations. Vaccinated individuals are thus well-protected, as are unvaccinated individuals as long as the rate of vaccination in the surrounding population is sufficiently high. Unvaccinated individuals who travel to countries where measles is endemic are still at a higher risk. Recent studies show that measles not only has the classical symptoms, but also damages the immune system.
Topics: Epidemics; Humans; Immune System; Immunization Programs; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Netherlands
PubMed: 32395946
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Infection and Public Health Jun 2024Measles has been a significant public health concern in Pakistan, especially in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, where sporadic and silent epidemics continue to...
BACKGROUND
Measles has been a significant public health concern in Pakistan, especially in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, where sporadic and silent epidemics continue to challenge existing control measures. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and investigate the molecular epidemiology of the measles virus (MeV) in KPK and explore the vaccination status among the suspected individuals.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and October 2021. A total of 336 suspected measles cases from the study population were analyzed for IgM antibodies using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Throat swabs were randomly collected from a subset of positive cases for molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of MeV isolates was performed using the neighbor-joining method. The vaccination status of individuals was also recorded.
RESULTS
Among the suspected participants, 61.0% (205/336) were ELISA positive for IgM antibodies, with a higher prevalence in males (64.17%) compared to females (57.04%). The majority of cases (36.0%) were observed in infants and toddlers, consistent with previous reports. The majority of IgM-positive cases (71.7%) had not received any dose of measles vaccine, highlighting gaps in vaccine coverage and the need for improved immunization programs. Genetic analysis revealed that all MeV isolates belonged to the B3 genotype, with minor genetic variations from previously reported variants in the region.
CONCLUSION
This study provides valuable insights into the genetic epidemiology of the MeV in KPK, Pakistan. The high incidence of measles infection among unvaccinated individuals highlights the urgency of raising awareness about vaccine importance and strengthening routine immunization programs.
Topics: Humans; Measles virus; Measles; Female; Male; Pakistan; Cross-Sectional Studies; Infant; Child, Preschool; Antibodies, Viral; Phylogeny; Immunoglobulin M; Child; Genotype; Adolescent; Adult; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Measles Vaccine; Molecular Epidemiology; Young Adult; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38636313
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.028 -
Journal of Virology May 2023Measles virus (MeV), the causative agent of measles, is an enveloped RNA virus of the family which remains an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. MeV...
Interaction of the Hemagglutinin Stalk Region with Cell Adhesion Molecule (CADM) 1 and CADM2 Mediates the Spread between Neurons and Neuropathogenicity of Measles Virus with a Hyperfusogenic Fusion Protein.
Measles virus (MeV), the causative agent of measles, is an enveloped RNA virus of the family which remains an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. MeV has two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins. During viral entry or virus-mediated fusion between infected cells and neighboring susceptible cells, the head domain of the H protein initially binds to its receptors, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAM) and nectin-4, and then the stalk region of the H protein transmits the fusion-triggering signal to the F protein. MeV may persist in the human brain and cause a fatal neurodegenerative disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Recently, we showed, using cell culture, that cell adhesion molecule (CADM) 1 and CADM2 are host factors that trigger hyperfusogenic mutant F proteins, causing cell-to-cell fusion and the transfer of the MeV genome between neurons. Unlike conventional receptors, CADM1 and CADM2 interact in (on the same membrane) with the H protein and then trigger membrane fusion. Here, we show that alanine substitutions in part of the stalk region (positions 171-175) abolish the ability of the H protein to mediate membrane fusion triggered by CADM1 and CADM2, but not by SLAM. The recombinant hyperfusogenic MeV carrying this mutant H protein loses its ability to spread in primary mouse neurons as well as its neurovirulence in experimentally infected suckling hamsters. These results indicate that CADM1 and CADM2 are key molecules for MeV propagation in the brain and its neurovirulence . Measles is an acute febrile illness with skin rash. Despite the availability of highly effective vaccines, measles is still an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in many countries. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 120,000 people died from measles worldwide in 2021. Measles virus (MeV), the causative agent of measles, can also cause a fatal progressive neurological disorder, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), several years after acute infection. There is currently no effective treatment for this disease. In this study, using recombinant MeVs with altered receptor usage patterns, we show that cell adhesion molecule (CADM) 1 and CADM2 are host factors critical for MeV spread in neurons and its neurovirulence. These findings further our understanding of the molecular mechanism of MeV neuropathogenicity.
Topics: Cricetinae; Humans; Mice; Animals; Measles virus; Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis; Hemagglutinins; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Viral Fusion Proteins; Measles; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Recombinant Proteins; Neurons; Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
PubMed: 37166307
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00340-23 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Three genotypes (B3, D8, and H1) of the measles virus (MeV) have recently caused global outbreaks. In Korea, four measles outbreaks were reported during 2018-2019 and...
Three genotypes (B3, D8, and H1) of the measles virus (MeV) have recently caused global outbreaks. In Korea, four measles outbreaks were reported during 2018-2019 and most patients were infants and health care workers in their 20s and 30s. To investigate the genetic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of the outbreaks, we analyzed the sequence of MeVs by targeting the N-450, MF-NCR, and/or H gene regions. Considering their phylogenetic relationships, besides the N-450 and MF-NCR sequences that are commonly used for genotyping MeVs, the MF-NCR-H sequence was related to the dynamics for identifying the transmission of MeVs. Phylogenetic clustering patterns reconstructed from the MF-NCR-H sequence set revealed that genotype D8 caused three of the four outbreaks, while B3 seemed to have induced the fourth outbreak. These results suggest that the MF-NCR-H sequence is useful for rapid confirmation of measles outbreaks and to identify the epidemiological routes of MeVs.
PubMed: 34975789
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.763107 -
Viruses May 2023Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a difficult-to-treat cancer due to late diagnosis and limited curative treatment options. Developing more effective therapeutic...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a difficult-to-treat cancer due to late diagnosis and limited curative treatment options. Developing more effective therapeutic strategies is essential for the management of HCC. Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel treatment modality for cancers, and its combination with small molecules merits further exploration. In this study, we combined oncolytic measles virus (MV) with the natural triterpenoid compound ursolic acid (UA) and evaluated their combination effect against HCC cells, including those harboring hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We found that the combination of MV and UA synergistically induced more cell death in Huh-7 HCC cells through enhanced apoptosis. In addition, increased oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrial potential were observed in the treated cells, indicating dysregulation of the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Similar synergistic cytotoxic effects were also found in HCC cells harboring HBV or HCV genomes. These findings underscore the potential of oncolytic MV and UA combination for further development as a treatment strategy for HCC.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Oncolytic Viruses; Liver Neoplasms; Measles virus; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Hepatitis C; Ursolic Acid
PubMed: 37376594
DOI: 10.3390/v15061294 -
Croatian Medical Journal Oct 2022To determine the circulation patterns of measles virus in Bulgaria from 2012 to 2018 after a large measles outbreak in the country (2009-2011).
AIM
To determine the circulation patterns of measles virus in Bulgaria from 2012 to 2018 after a large measles outbreak in the country (2009-2011).
METHODS
Three types of clinical material were collected: serum samples, urine samples, and nasal swabs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect specific viral immunoglobulin (Ig) M/IgG antibodies. Viral RNA was extracted from all urine and nasal swabs.
RESULTS
In the investigated period, 102 patients were confirmed to have measles (age range: two months to 55 years). A total of 101 samples (99%) were measles-IgM positive. Most of them were detected in 2017 (73%, 74/101), when a measles outbreak in the country was reported. The majority of patients were unvaccinated children aged under 13 months. Out of 101 measles serum samples confirmed by ELISA, 18 (20.45%) were measles-IgG positive and 15 (17.05%) were borderline. Thirty-three positive PCR products were sequenced and genotyped. In 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018, three different measles viral genotypes were detected: D8, H1, and B3. Most patients were unvaccinated or insufficiently vaccinated.
CONCLUSION
Preventive measures are indispensable to limit the infection in different regions of Bulgaria and its spread to other countries. As vaccination coverage against measles and other vaccine-preventable infections, including SARS-Co2, is low, it is necessary to perform molecular identification of viruses to monitor their circulation and pathogenicity.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Measles virus; Bulgaria; Immunoglobulin M; Vaccination; Measles; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Outbreaks; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 36325672
DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2022.63.475