-
The Journal of Emergency Medicine Sep 2020
Topics: Humans; Mental Recall
PubMed: 32712037
DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.042 -
British Dental Journal Jun 2020
Topics: Heart Transplantation; Mental Recall; Oral Health
PubMed: 32541721
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-1743-z -
Cognition & Emotion Feb 2021Nostalgizing confers social, existential, and self-oriented psychological benefits or functions. But how does the experience of nostalgia conduce to these functions? We...
Nostalgizing confers social, existential, and self-oriented psychological benefits or functions. But how does the experience of nostalgia conduce to these functions? We propose that it does so, in part, through mental transportation, which involves mentally leaving one's current space and transporting oneself into a past event. We addressed the role of mental transportation in one daily diary study and two experiments ( = 514). By assessing daily experiences of nostalgia in Study 1, we found that, on days in which participants felt more nostalgic, they were more likely to experience mental transportation. Following a narrative induction of nostalgia, we assessed mental transportation (Studies 2 and 3) and the three putative nostalgia functions: social, existential, self-oriented (Study 3). Nostalgic (vs. control) participants reported greater mental transportation (Studies 2 and 3), which in turn was associated with stronger functions (Study 3). The findings portray mental transportation as a key mechanism underlying the psychological benefits of nostalgia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Emotions; Female; Humans; Male; Memory, Episodic; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Psychological Distance; Self Concept; Social Identification; Young Adult
PubMed: 32787551
DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1806788 -
Anesthesia and Analgesia Jan 2024
Topics: Mental Recall; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 38100808
DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000006457 -
Cognition Jun 2023Event boundaries and temporal context shape the organization of episodic memories. We hypothesized that attentional fluctuations during encoding serve as "events" that...
Event boundaries and temporal context shape the organization of episodic memories. We hypothesized that attentional fluctuations during encoding serve as "events" that affect temporal context representations and recall organization. Individuals encoded trial-unique objects during a modified sustained attention task. Memory was tested with free recall. Response time variability during the encoding tasks was used to characterize "in the zone" and "out of the zone" attentional states. We predicted that: 1) "in the zone", vs. "out of the zone", attentional states should be more conducive to maintaining temporal context representations that can cue temporally organized recall; and 2) temporally distant "in the zone" states may enable more recall "leaps" across intervening items. We replicated several important findings in the sustained attention and memory fields, including more online errors during "out of the zone" vs. "in the zone" attentional states and recall that was temporally structured. Yet, across four studies, we found no evidence for either of our main hypotheses. Recall was robustly temporally organized, and there was no difference in recall organization for items encoded "in the zone" vs. "out of the zone". We conclude that temporal context serves as a strong scaffold for episodic memory, one that can support organized recall even for items encoded during relatively poor attentional states. We also highlight the numerous challenges in striking a balance between sustained attention tasks (long blocks of a repetitive task) and memory recall tasks (short lists of unique items) and describe strategies for researchers interested in uniting these two fields.
Topics: Humans; Mental Recall; Memory, Episodic; Attention; Reaction Time
PubMed: 36893523
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105408 -
Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor,... Oct 2019This paper examines recent evidence from behavioral and neuroscience research with nonhuman animals that suggests the intriguing possibility that they, like their human... (Review)
Review
This paper examines recent evidence from behavioral and neuroscience research with nonhuman animals that suggests the intriguing possibility that they, like their human counterparts, are vulnerable to creating false memories. Once considered a uniquely human memory phenomenon, the creation of false memories in lower animals can be seen especially readily in studies involving memory for source, or contextual attributes. Furthermore, evidence of "implanted" misinformation has also been obtained. Here, we review that research and consider its relevance to our empirical understanding of false memories, as well as speculate about its potential clinical implications for trauma memory.
Topics: Animals; Memory, Episodic; Mental Recall; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 31527184
DOI: 10.1101/lm.050054.119 -
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Sep 2022Research on collaborative memory shows that people recalling in groups rarely achieve optimal performance. Collaborative groups typically recall less than nominal...
Research on collaborative memory shows that people recalling in groups rarely achieve optimal performance. Collaborative groups typically recall less than nominal groups, where performance for the latter is derived by pooling the non-overlapping information recalled by the same number of individuals working alone. While behavioural evidence has widely replicated this collaborative inhibition in free recall, little evidence speaks to the neurophysiological signatures of this counterintuitive phenomenon. Behavioural evidence also indicates that disruption to one's preferred recall strategy, resulting from processing others' recalled information, is a key mechanism underlying this effect. We aimed to identify the neural signatures indexing the recollection process and their disruption during collaborative recall. In three experiments, we replicated the standard collaborative inhibition effect with an EEG-adapted procedure (Experiment 1), and recorded EEG while people recalled in groups or in isolation (Experiments 2a, 2b). Comparisons showed increments in N400 and theta power, the neurophysiological components associated with interference, at shorter intervals for the collaborative compared to the nominal groups. Stronger theta power for collaborative than nominal recall, and for speakers than non-speakers in collaborative groups, were also evident at longer intervals and suggest demanding reinstatement of memory associated with collaborative recall. Together, the results suggest distinct neural processes underlying collaborative inhibition, with neural responses at shorter intervals signaling processes that are consistent with strategy disruption (stronger interference signaled by N400 and theta power increments), and further increments in theta at later times suggesting more demanding reinstatement processes during collaborative remembering.
Topics: Cooperative Behavior; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Female; Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Male; Mental Recall
PubMed: 35598824
DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107639 -
Experimental Psychology May 2022Memory for paired-associate words is facilitated by interim testing relative to restudy. According to the mediator effectiveness hypothesis, the benefit of retrieval...
Memory for paired-associate words is facilitated by interim testing relative to restudy. According to the mediator effectiveness hypothesis, the benefit of retrieval practice is a consequence of the activation of a mediator word linking the cue and target. Evidence for the activation of cue-related mediators stems from the finding that mediators are more effective at prompting recall of target words than are words not associated with the original cue, a pattern that is larger following testing than restudy. The benefit of testing for the unstudied cues at the final test is referred to as transfer of test-enhanced learning. One goal of the current study was to examine whether the activation of mediators leads to the recall of targets indirectly via the original cues in a process known as backward chaining. We indexed backward chaining with the probability of incorrectly recalling a trial-specific original cue in place of a target. The second goal was to explore whether testing would yield a transfer effect for cues associated with target words. In four experiments, following an initial study of weakly related word pairs (e.g., Mother-CHILD), participants either restudied the pairs or attempted to recall the target given the original cue (e.g., Mother). On a final cued-recall test, participants were presented with unstudied cues that were related to either the original cue (semantic mediators, e.g., Father) or the target (target-related cues, e.g., Baby). The type of new cue presented on the final test was varied either between subjects (Experiment 1) or mixed within a list (Experiments 2, 3, and 4). Mixing mediators and target-related cues reduced the transfer of test-enhanced learning and increased the likelihood of recalling the original cues when shown a mediator. These results challenge the assumptions of the mediator effectiveness hypothesis.
Topics: Cues; Humans; Mental Recall; Semantics; Transfer, Psychology
PubMed: 35975624
DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000551 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2022Humans remember less and less of what was encoded as more and more time passes. Selective retrieval can interrupt such time-dependent forgetting, enhancing recall not...
Humans remember less and less of what was encoded as more and more time passes. Selective retrieval can interrupt such time-dependent forgetting, enhancing recall not only of the retrieved but also of the nonretrieved information. The recall enhancement has been attributed to context retrieval and the idea that selective retrieval reactivates the retrieved item's temporal context during study, which can facilitate recall of other items that had a similar context at study. However, it is unclear whether context retrieval induces a transient discontinuity in the stream of temporal context only, or a more permanent updating of context that would entail a lasting interruption of time-dependent forgetting. In three experiments, we analyzed time-dependent forgetting of encoded information right after study and after time-lagged selective retrieval. Selective retrieval boosted recall of the nonretrieved information up to the levels observed directly after study. Intriguingly, it also created a restart of time-dependent forgetting that made forgetting after retrieval indistinguishable from forgetting after study and thus induced a reset of the recall process. The results suggest that selective retrieval can revive forgotten memories and cause lasting recall enhancement, effects likely mediated by context retrieval and a permanent updating of temporal context.
Topics: Female; Germany; Humans; Male; Memory; Memory, Episodic; Memory, Long-Term; Mental Recall; Young Adult
PubMed: 35165194
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114377119 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Oct 2019There are inconsistent reports regarding behavioral sex differences in the human navigation literature. This meta-analysis quantifies the overall magnitude of sex... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There are inconsistent reports regarding behavioral sex differences in the human navigation literature. This meta-analysis quantifies the overall magnitude of sex differences in large-scale navigation skills in a variety of paradigms and populations, and examines potential moderators, using 694 effect sizes from 266 studies and a multilevel analytic approach. Overall, male participants outperform female participants, with a small to medium effect size (d = 0.34 to 0.38). The type of task, the type of dependent variable and the testing environment significantly contribute to variability in effect sizes, although there are only a few situations in which differences are either nonexistent or very large. Pointing and recall tasks (and the deviation scores associated with them) show larger sex differences than distance estimation tasks or learning to criterion. Studies with children younger than 13 years showed much smaller effect sizes (d = .15) than older age groups. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding sex differences in human spatial navigation and identify avenues for future navigation research.
Topics: Age Factors; Distance Perception; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Mental Recall; Sex Factors; Spatial Navigation
PubMed: 31270765
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-019-01633-6