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Journal of the American Society of... Oct 2020
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Stem Cells; Mesoderm; Ureter
PubMed: 32999037
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020071055 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Nov 2021The trachea is a rigid air duct with some mobility, which comprises the upper region of the respiratory tract and delivers inhaled air to alveoli for gas exchange.... (Review)
Review
The trachea is a rigid air duct with some mobility, which comprises the upper region of the respiratory tract and delivers inhaled air to alveoli for gas exchange. During development, the tracheal primordium is first established at the ventral anterior foregut by interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme through various signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Bmp, retinoic acid, Shh, and Fgf, and then segregates from digestive organs. Abnormalities in this crosstalk result in lethal congenital diseases, such as tracheal agenesis. Interestingly, these molecular mechanisms also play roles in tissue regeneration in adulthood, although it remains less understood compared with their roles in embryonic development. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms of trachea development that regulate the morphogenesis of this simple tubular structure and identities of individual differentiated cells. We also discuss how the facultative regeneration capacity of the epithelium is established during development and maintained in adulthood.
Topics: Endoderm; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Mesoderm; Organogenesis; Pregnancy; Trachea
PubMed: 33840142
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.345 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Jul 2022
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Gastrulation; Mesoderm; Regenerative Medicine; Vertebrates
PubMed: 35210138
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.014 -
The International Journal of... 2020Clinical dysmorphology is a medical specialty which requires training to systematically observe aberrations in facial development and to understand patterns in the... (Review)
Review
Clinical dysmorphology is a medical specialty which requires training to systematically observe aberrations in facial development and to understand patterns in the recognition of underlying genetic syndromes. An understanding of normal facial embryology and structure, genetic mechanisms that contribute to facial development and the influence of age, sex, epigenetic, environmental and teratogen effects that contribute to facial dysmorphology are essential. The role of software programmes and databases in achieving diagnoses in subtler phenotypes is growing. A description of specific dysmorphisms of various parts of the human face and key genetic and mechanistic pathways are discussed in this review. Recognizing facial patterns and genetic syndromes efficiently aids in planning appropriate tests, securing an accurate diagnosis, counselling and predicting outcomes and offering interventions and therapies where available.
Topics: Congenital Abnormalities; Craniosynostoses; Embryonic Development; Face; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Male; Mesoderm; Neural Crest
PubMed: 32658997
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.190312mb -
Development (Cambridge, England) Feb 2021Within the developing head, tissues undergo cell-fate transitions to shape the forming structures. This starts with the neural crest, which undergoes... (Review)
Review
Within the developing head, tissues undergo cell-fate transitions to shape the forming structures. This starts with the neural crest, which undergoes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to form, amongst other tissues, many of the skeletal tissues of the head. In the eye and ear, these neural crest cells then transform back into an epithelium, via mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), highlighting the flexibility of this population. Elsewhere in the head, the epithelium loses its integrity and transforms into mesenchyme. Here, we review these craniofacial transitions, looking at why they happen, the factors that trigger them, and the cell and molecular changes they involve. We also discuss the consequences of aberrant EMT and MET in the head.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Epithelium; Head; Humans; Mesoderm; Neural Crest; Organ Specificity; Vertebrates
PubMed: 33589510
DOI: 10.1242/dev.196030 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Sexual dimorphisms can be seen in many organisms with some exhibiting subtle differences while some can be very evident. The difference between male and female can be... (Review)
Review
Sexual dimorphisms can be seen in many organisms with some exhibiting subtle differences while some can be very evident. The difference between male and female can be seen on the morphological level such as discrepancies in body mass, presence of body hair in distinct places, or through the presence of specific reproductive structures. It is known that the development of the reproductive structures is governed by hormone signaling, most commonly explained through the actions of androgen signaling. The developmental program of the male and female external genitalia involves a common anlage, the genital tubercle or GT, that later on develop into a penis and clitoris, respectively. Androgen signaling involvement can be seen in the different tissues in the GT that express Androgen receptor and the different genes that are regulated by androgen in the mesenchyme and endoderm component of the GT. Muscles are also known to be responsive to androgen signaling with male and female muscles exhibiting different capabilities. However, the occurrence of sexual dimorphism in muscle development is unclear. In this minireview, a summary on the role of androgen in the sexually dimorphic development of the genital tubercle was provided. This was used as a framework on analyzing the different mechanism employed by androgen signaling to regulate the sexual dimorphism in muscle development.
Topics: Androgens; Female; Genitalia; Humans; Male; Mesoderm; Muscles; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 35983512
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.940229 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Sep 2023In development, tissue shape changes and gene expression patterns give rise to morphogenesis. Understanding tissue shape changes requires the analysis of mechanical... (Review)
Review
In development, tissue shape changes and gene expression patterns give rise to morphogenesis. Understanding tissue shape changes requires the analysis of mechanical properties of the tissue such as tissue rigidity, cell influx from neighboring tissues, cell shape changes and cell proliferation. Local and global gene expression patterns can be influenced by neighbor exchange and tissue shape changes. Here we review recent studies on the mechanisms for tissue elongation and its influences on dynamic gene expression patterns by focusing on vertebrate somitogenesis. We first introduce mechanical and biochemical properties of the segmenting tissue that drive tissue elongation. Then, we discuss patterning in the presence of cell mixing, scaling of signaling gradients, and dynamic phase waves of rhythmic gene expression under tissue shape changes. We also highlight the importance of theoretical approaches to address the relation between tissue shape changes and patterning.
Topics: Somites; Body Patterning; Morphogenesis; Embryonic Development; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm
PubMed: 36631335
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.009 -
Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2024The Segmentation Clock is a tissue-level patterning system that enables the segmentation of the vertebral column precursors into transient multicellular blocks called... (Review)
Review
The Segmentation Clock is a tissue-level patterning system that enables the segmentation of the vertebral column precursors into transient multicellular blocks called somites. This patterning system comprises a set of elements that are essential for correct segmentation. Under the so-called "Clock and Wavefront" model, the system consists of two elements, a genetic oscillator that manifests itself as traveling waves of gene expression, and a regressing wavefront that transforms the temporally periodic signal encoded in the oscillations into a permanent spatially periodic pattern of somite boundaries. Over the last twenty years, every new discovery about the Segmentation Clock has been tightly linked to the nomenclature of the "Clock and Wavefront" model. This constrained allocation of discoveries into these two elements has generated long-standing debates in the field as what defines molecularly the wavefront and how and where the interaction between the two elements establishes the future somite boundaries. In this review, we propose an expansion of the "Clock and Wavefront" model into three elements, "Clock", "Wavefront" and signaling gradients. We first provide a detailed description of the components and regulatory mechanisms of each element, and we then examine how the spatiotemporal integration of the three elements leads to the establishment of the presumptive somite boundaries. To be as exhaustive as possible, we focus on the Segmentation Clock in zebrafish. Furthermore, we show how this three-element expansion of the model provides a better understanding of the somite formation process and we emphasize where our current understanding of this patterning system remains obscure.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Somites; Mesoderm; Zebrafish; Signal Transduction; Biological Clocks
PubMed: 38729682
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.11.001 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Dec 2019The three germ layers - mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm - constituting the cellular blueprint for the tissues and organs that will form during embryonic development, are... (Review)
Review
The three germ layers - mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm - constituting the cellular blueprint for the tissues and organs that will form during embryonic development, are specified at gastrulation. Cells of mesodermal origin are the most abundant in the human body, representing a great variety of cell types, including the musculoskeletal system (bone, cartilage and muscle), cardiovascular system (heart, blood and blood vessels), as well as the connective tissues found throughout our bodies. A long-standing question pertains how this panoply of mesodermal cell types arises in a stereotypical fashion in time and space. This review discusses the events associated with mesoderm specification, highlighting the reconstruction of putative developmental trajectories facilitated by recent single-cell 'omic' data. We will also discuss the potential of emergent organoid systems to emulate and interrogate the dynamics of lineage specification at cellular resolution.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Ectoderm; Embryonic Development; Endoderm; Gastrulation; Humans; Mesoderm
PubMed: 31476530
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.012 -
Anatomical Science International Mar 2020The musculoskeletal system comprises muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones. The connection site between muscle and tendon is termed "myotendinous junction," while the... (Review)
Review
The musculoskeletal system comprises muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones. The connection site between muscle and tendon is termed "myotendinous junction," while the junction between tendon/ligament and bone is termed "enthesis." These two regions are the center of physical function, but how this functional complex is formed during development is unclear. In this review, we discussed recent findings about the development of tissues constituting the musculoskeletal system and the interactions among these tissues during development. The musculoskeletal system of the head develops in the mid-embryonic stage. In addition, head mesoderm-derived cells (muscle anlagen) and cranial neural crest cells (tendon and bone anlagen) interact with each other. Myogenesis initiates in the head without difficulty, even in the absence of cranial neural crest cells; however, muscle tissue does not grow under these conditions and remains small. Tendons, which differentiate from cranial neural crest cells, form myotendinous junctions at the stage at which desmin accumulates in the tendon-side muscle stump, leading to morphological maturation. Therefore, individual tissues (i.e., muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones) constituting the musculoskeletal system form a functionally important complex, while mutually influencing one another.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Head; Humans; Ligaments; Mesoderm; Muscles; Musculoskeletal Development; Musculoskeletal System; Neural Crest; Tendons
PubMed: 31916224
DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00523-0