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Radiologic Clinics of North America May 2022Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these... (Review)
Review
Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these infections are airway centric and chest imaging demonstrates bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia, With the exception of adenovirus infections, the presence of lobar consolidation usually suggests bacterial coinfection. Community-acquired viral pathogens can cause more severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, who are also susceptible to CMV and varicella infection. These latter 2 pathogens are less likely to manifest the striking airway-centric pattern. Airway-centric pattern is distinctly uncommon in Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a rare environmentally acquired infection with high mortality.
Topics: Bronchiolitis; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Influenza, Human; Pneumonia, Viral
PubMed: 35534126
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.01.010 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2023The most common infectious etiologies of meningitis and encephalitis are viruses. In this review, we will discuss current epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The most common infectious etiologies of meningitis and encephalitis are viruses. In this review, we will discuss current epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common causes of viral meningitis and encephalitis worldwide.
RECENT FINDINGS
Viral meningitis and encephalitis are increasingly diagnosed as molecular diagnostic techniques and serologies have become more readily available worldwide but recent progress in novel antiviral therapies remains limited. Emerging and re-emerging viruses that have caused endemic or worldwide outbreaks or epidemics are arboviruses (e.g., West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, Tick borne encephalitis, Dengue, Zika, Toscana), enteroviruses (e.g., Enterovirus 71, Enterovirus D68), Parechoviruses, respiratory viruses [e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, metapneumoviruses, measles, mumps], and herpes viruses [e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human herpes (HV) 6, varicella zoster virus (VZV)]. Future efforts should concentrate in increasing availability for those viruses with effective vaccination [e.g., Japanese encephalitis, Tick borne encephalitis, varicella zoster viruses, SARS-CoV-2, influenza], prompt initiation of those with encephalitis with treatable viruses (e.g., HSV-1, VZV), increasing the diagnostic yield by using novel techniques such as metagenomic sequencing and avoiding unnecessary antibiotics in those with viral meningitis or encephalitis.
SUMMARY
We review the current epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the common causative agents of viral meningitis and encephalitis worldwide.
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Meningitis, Viral; Viruses; Encephalitis; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 37093042
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000922 -
The Lancet. Microbe Sep 2023Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory infection. Since its discovery in 2001, no specific antiviral or vaccine has been available in... (Review)
Review
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory infection. Since its discovery in 2001, no specific antiviral or vaccine has been available in contrast to its closely related family member human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nMAbs) are the core effectors of vaccines and are essential therapeutic immune drugs against infectious pathogens. The development of nMAbs against hMPV has accelerated in recent years as a result of breakthroughs in viral fusion (F) protein structural biology and experience with hRSV and other enveloped viruses. We provide an overview of the potent F-specific nMAbs of hMPV, generalise their targeting F antigen epitopes, and discuss the nMAb development strategy and future directions for hMPV and broad-spectrum hMPV, hRSV nMabs, and vaccine research and development.
PubMed: 37499668
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00134-9 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2022Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. Infection by a first virus could... (Review)
Review
Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. The concept of viral interference has been demonstrated at the cellular, host, and population levels. The mechanisms involved in viral interference have been evaluated in differentiated airway epithelial cells and in animal models susceptible to the respiratory viruses of interest. A likely mechanism is the interferon response that could confer a temporary nonspecific immunity to the host. During the coronavirus disease pandemic, nonpharmacologic interventions have prevented the circulation of most respiratory viruses. Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Viral Interference; Viruses
PubMed: 35075991
DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.211727 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Mar 2024Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these... (Review)
Review
Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these infections are airway centric and chest imaging demonstrates bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia, With the exception of adenovirus infections, the presence of lobar consolidation usually suggests bacterial coinfection. Community-acquired viral pathogens can cause more severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, who are also susceptible to CMV and varicella infection. These latter 2 pathogens are less likely to manifest the striking airway-centric pattern. Airway-centric pattern is distinctly uncommon in Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a rare environmentally acquired infection with high mortality.
Topics: Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Pneumonia, Viral; Influenza, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Metapneumovirus; Adenoviridae Infections; Community-Acquired Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 38280762
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.12.009 -
Current Opinion in Virology Aug 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) continue to be a global burden to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In the past... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) continue to be a global burden to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In the past ten years, there has been substantial progress in the development of new vaccine candidates and therapies against these viruses. These advancements were guided by the structural elucidation of the major surface glycoproteins for these viruses, the fusion (F) protein and attachment (G) protein. The identification of immunodominant epitopes on the RSV F and hMPV F proteins has expanded current knowledge on antibody-mediated immune responses, which has led to new approaches for vaccine and therapeutic development through the stabilization of pre-fusion constructs of the F protein and pre-fusion-specific monoclonal antibodies with high potency and efficacy. In this review, we describe structural characteristics of known antigenic sites on the RSV and hMPV proteins, their influence on the immune response, and current progress in vaccine and therapeutic development.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Metapneumovirus; Antibodies, Viral; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Viral Fusion Proteins; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 37544710
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101337 -
EMBO Molecular Medicine Apr 2022In virology, the term seasonality describes variations in virus prevalence at more or less regular intervals throughout the year. Specifically, it has long been...
In virology, the term seasonality describes variations in virus prevalence at more or less regular intervals throughout the year. Specifically, it has long been recognized that outbreaks of human influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human coronaviruses occur in temperate climates during the winter season, whereas low activity is detected during the summer months. Other human respiratory viruses, such as parainfluenza viruses, human metapneumoviruses, and rhinoviruses, show highest activity during the spring or fall season in temperate regions, depending on the virus and subtype. In tropical climates, influenza viruses circulate throughout the year and no distinct seasonal patterns are observed, although virus outbreaks tend to spike during the rainy season. Overall, seasonality is more pronounced with greater distance from the equator, and tends to be less pronounced in regions closer to the equator (Li et al, 2019).
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; Metapneumovirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viruses
PubMed: 35157360
DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115352 -
Poultry Science May 2023Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of... (Review)
Review
Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in the poultry business. Respiratory infections are a serious problem facing the poultry sector, causing severe economic losses. Avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian pneumovirus are particularly serious viral respiratory pathogens. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus, Bordetella avium, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Escherichia coli have been identified as the most serious bacterial respiratory pathogens in poultry. This review gives an updated summary, incorporating the latest data, about the evidence for the circulation of widespread, economically important poultry respiratory pathogens, with special reference to possible methods for the control and prevention of these pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Bacterial Infections; Poultry; Respiratory Tract Infections; Metapneumovirus; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 36965253
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553 -
Nature Communications Mar 2022The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) fusion (F) protein is essential for viral entry and is a key target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development. The prefusion...
The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) fusion (F) protein is essential for viral entry and is a key target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development. The prefusion conformation is thought to be the optimal vaccine antigen, but previously described prefusion F proteins expressed poorly and were not well stabilized. Here, we use structures of hMPV F to guide the design of 42 variants containing stabilizing substitutions. Through combinatorial addition of disulfide bonds, cavity-filling substitutions, and improved electrostatic interactions, we describe a prefusion-stabilized F protein (DS-CavEs2) that expresses at 15 mg/L and has a melting temperature of 71.9 °C. Crystal structures of two prefusion-stabilized hMPV F variants reveal that antigenic surfaces are largely unperturbed. Importantly, immunization of mice with DS-CavEs2 elicits significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against hMPV A1 and B1 viruses than postfusion F. The improved properties of DS-CavEs2 will advance the development of hMPV vaccines and the isolation of therapeutic antibodies.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Immunization; Metapneumovirus; Mice; Viral Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 35288548
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28931-3